Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

at about 14 years of age

  • 1 L'âge

    Quel âge avez-vous?
    L’anglais n’emploie pas le verbe to have (avoir) pour exprimer l’âge, mais le verbe to be (être).
    quel âge a-t-il?
    = how old is he? ou what age is he?
    Les deux mots years old peuvent être omis pour les personnes, mais pas pour les choses.
    elle a trente ans
    = she is thirty years old ou she is thirty
    il a quatre-vingts ans
    = he is eighty ou he is eighty years old
    la maison a cent ans
    = the house is a hundred years old
    atteindre soixante ans
    = to reach sixty
    Nick est plus âgé qu’Isabelle
    = Nick is older than Isabelle
    Isabelle est plus jeune que Nick
    = Isabelle is younger than Nick
    Nick a deux ans de plus qu’Isabelle
    = Nick is two years older than Isabelle
    Isabelle a deux ans de moins que Nick
    = Isabelle is two years younger than Nick
    Louis a le même âge que Mary
    = Mary is the same age as Louis
    Louis et Mary ont le même âge
    = Louis and Mary are the same age
    on te donnerait seize ans
    = you look sixteen
    j’ai l’impression d’avoir seize ans
    = I feel sixteen
    on lui donnerait dix ans de moins
    = he looks ten years younger
    Âgé de
    il est âgé de quarante ans
    = he is forty years of age
    un homme de soixante ans
    = a man of sixty
    un enfant de huit ans et demi
    = a child of eight and a half
    une femme âgée de quarante ans
    = a woman aged forty
    M. Stein, âgé de quarante ans
    = Mr Stein, aged forty
    à l’âge de cinquante ans
    = at fifty ou at the age of fifty (GB), at age fifty (US)
    il est mort à vingt-sept ans
    = he died at twenty-seven ou at the age of twenty-seven
    un homme âgé de soixante ans
    = a sixty-year-old man
    Noter l’utilisation du trait d’union. Noter aussi que year, qui fait partie de l’adjectif, ne prend pas la marque du pluriel.
    Lorsque l’on parle d’êtres humains ou d’animaux, le mot qui suit old peut être sous-entendu. Ainsi, a three-year-old peut être un enfant ou un animal (souvent un cheval).
    un enfant de cinq ans et demi
    = a five-and-a-half-year-old
    une course pour les trois ans
    = a race for three-year-olds
    Mais:
    un vin de soixante ans d’âge
    = a sixty-year-old wine
    L’âge approximatif
    L’anglais emploie indifféremment about et around dans ce cas.
    elle a dans les trente ans
    = she’s about thirty ou around thirty
    elle a une cinquantaine d’années
    = she’s about fifty ou around fifty
    il n’a pas encore dix-huit ans
    = he’s not yet eighteen
    il vient d’avoir quarante ans
    = he’s just over forty ou (plus familier) he’s just turned forty
    il aura bientôt cinquante ans
    = he’s just under fifty
    elle a entre trente et quarante ans
    = she’s in her thirties
    elle a dans les quarante-cinq ans
    = she’s in her mid-forties
    elle va sur ses soixante-dix ans
    = she’s in her late sixties ou she’s nearly seventy
    elle va avoir vingt ans
    = she’s in her late teens ou she’s almost twenty
    il a tout juste dix ans
    = he’s just ten
    il a à peine douze ans
    = he’s barely twelve
    Les personnes âgées de X ans
    les plus de quatre-vingts ans
    = the over eighties
    les moins de dix-huit ans
    = the under eighteens
    Les mots anglais en -arian sont des noms:
    ce sont des septuagénaires
    = they’re septuagenarians
    elle est octogénaire
    = she’s an octogenarian

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > L'âge

  • 2 su

    1. prep on
    argomento about
    ( circa) (round) about
    sul tavolo on the table
    sul mare by the sea
    sulle tremila lire round about three thousand lire
    su misura made to measure
    nove volte su dieci nine times out of ten
    2. adv up
    ( al piano di sopra) upstairs
    su! come on!
    avere su vestito have on
    * * *
    su avv.
    1 ( moto, direzione) up; ( al piano superiore) upstairs: puoi venire su un momento?, can you come up (stairs) a moment?; vado su a prendere le chiavi, I'll go up and get the keys; l'ho mandato su in solaio, I've sent him up to the attic; devo portare su le valigie?, shall I bring the cases up?; guardate su, look up; tira su quel pezzo di carta, pick up that piece of paper; il prezzo della benzina è andato su parecchio, the price of petrol has gone up a great deal // là su → lassù; qua su → quassù // su e giù → giù // su per, up: su per la collina, up the hill; si precipitò su per le scale, he rushed upstairs // metter su casa, to set up house // tirar su un bambino, ( allevarlo) to bring up a child // tirarsi su, ( in salute) to recover (o to pick up); ( finanziariamente) to get on one's feet again // Con uso rafforzativo: si spinse su su fino alla vetta, he climbed all the way up to the summit; risalire su su fino alle origini, to go all the way back to the beginning
    2 ( posizione, situazione) up (above) (anche fig.); ( al piano superiore) upstairs: gli ospiti sono su in terrazza, the guests are up on the terrace; l'ufficio è su al primo piano, the office is up on the first floor; ti chiamano da su, they're calling you from upstairs (o from up above); a mezzanotte era ancora su, ( alzato) he was still up at midnight // più su, higher up; ( più avanti) further up (o further along): abita due piani più su, he lives two floors (higher) up; appendi il quadro un po' più su, hang the picture a little higher up; l'albergo è pochi metri più su, the hotel is a few metres further on
    3 ( indosso) on: aveva su un paio di scarpe nuove, he had a new pair of shoes on; metti su il soprabito, put your coat on // metter su arie, to put on airs
    4 ( con valore esortativo): su, sbrigati!, get a move on!; su, andiamo!, come on, let's go!; su, coraggio!, su con la vita!, cheer up!; su, non piangere!, come on, don't cry!
    5 ( con uso pleonastico): di su!, out with it!
    6 in su, ( verso l'alto) up (wards); ( in avanti) onwards: guardai in su, I looked up; giaceva sul pavimento a faccia in su, he was lying face upwards on the floor; dalla vita in su, from the waist upwards; camminare col naso in su, to walk with one's nose in the air; i nostri prezzi vanno da dieci euro in su, our prices are from ten euros upwards; il traffico è scorrevole da Bologna in su, the traffic is moving smoothly from Bologna onwards; la norma si applica a tutto il personale, dal fattorino in su, the rule applies to all staff, from the office boy up; la tapparella non va né in su né in giù, the shutter won't go either up or down
    ◆ s.m.: era un su e giù continuo, it was a continuous coming and going.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: su le mani!, hands up! // su per giù, more or less (o roughly o about): avrà su per giù la mia età, he must be about my age; c'erano su per giù mille persone, there were roughly a thousand people // essere su di morale, to be in high spirits // essere su di giri, to be revved up; (fig.) to feel on top of the world // avercela su con qlcu., to have it in for s.o. ∙ Per andare su, mettere su, venire su → anche andare, mettere, venire.
    su prep.
    1 ( per indicare sovrapposizione con contatto) on, (form.) upon; ( con movimento) up; on to (o onto); ( in cima a) on top of: c'è una macchia sul pavimento, there's a stain on the floor; la lettera era sul tavolo, the letter was on the table; posalo sulla sedia, put it on the chair; l'acrobata camminava su una fune, the acrobat was walking on a tightrope; metti il coperchio sulla pentola, put the lid on the pan; si arrampicò su un albero, he climbed up a tree; salire su una scala, to go up a ladder; salire sul treno, to get on the train; caricarono gli sci sul tetto della macchina, they loaded the skis on to the car roof (o on top of the car); i corpi giacevano ammassati uno sull'altro, the bodies were piled one on top of another; il paese sorgeva su una ridente collina, the village stood on (o upon) a sunny hilltop; l'aereo si è schiantato sull'autostrada, the plane crashed on to the motorway // il suo ragionamento si fondava su false premesse, his reasoning was based on false assumptions // far assegnamento su qlcu., to rely on s.o.
    2 (per indicare sovrapposizione senza contatto, ovvero protezione, difesa, rivestimento) over: stiamo volando su Londra, we're flying over London; c'è un ponte sul fiume, there's a bridge over the river; una nube tossica incombeva sulla città, a toxic cloud hung over the city; metti un golfino sulle spalle, put a cardigan over your shoulders; passare la lucidatrice sul pavimento, to pass the polisher over the floor; spalmare la crema sul viso, to spread cream over one's face // sul suo capo pendeva la minaccia del licenziamento, the threat of dismissal hung over his head
    3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio, controllo) over: non ha alcuna autorità su di noi, he has no authority over us; celebrare la vittoria sul nemico, to celebrate one's victory over the enemy; regnare su un popolo, to reign over a people; esercitare la propria influenza, il proprio potere su qlcu., to exert one's influence, power over s.o.; avere un vantaggio su qlcu., to have an advantage over s.o.
    4 (a un livello superiore, più in alto di) above (anche fig.): il sole era alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was high above the horizon; il paese è a 500 metri sul livello del mare, the village is 500 m above sea level // per lui il lavoro ha la precedenza su tutto, he puts work before everything
    5 ( lungo) on; ( che si affaccia su) on to (o onto): una casa, una città sul fiume, a house, a city on the river; un negozio sul corso principale, a shop on the main street; passeggiammo sul lungomare, we walked on (o along) the seafront; la mia finestra guarda sul cortile, my window looks on to (o onto) the courtyard; questa porta dà sul giardino, this door opens onto the garden
    6 ( verso, in direzione di, contro) to (wards); ( contro) on; at: l'esercito marciò su Napoli, the army marched on Naples; tutti i riflettori erano puntati sulla rock star, all the spotlights were focused on the rock star; tutti si scagliarono su di lui, they all flung themselves at (o on) him (o fam. they all went for him); sparare sulla folla, to fire on (o into) the crowd
    7 ( dopo, di seguito a) after: commettere errori su errori, to make mistake after mistake // costruire pietra su pietra, to build stone by stone
    8 ( approssimativamente) about; ( di tempo) at, about: sul mezzogiorno, about midday; sul far della sera, at nightfall; sulla fine del secolo, at the turn of the century; da qui a Firenze ci si impiega sulle tre ore, it takes about three hours to get (from here) to Florence; peserà sui 50 chili, it must weigh about 50 kilos; l'ha pagato sui 500 euro, he paid about 500 euros for it; un ragazzo sui 10 anni, a boy about 10 years of age; è sulla trentina, he's about thirty years old // un colore sul verde, a greenish colour // era un po' sul depresso, he was a bit depressed
    9 ( intorno a, riguardo a) on, about: un saggio sulla letteratura del Novecento, an essay on 20th century literature; su che cosa sarà la conferenza?, what will the talk be about?; sa tutto sulla storia del jazz, he knows everything about the history of jazz; discutere sui fatti del giorno, to discuss the day's events
    10 ( per esprimere proporzione) out of: nove su dieci espressero parere favorevole, nine out of ten were in favour; arriva in ritardo due gioni su tre, he arrives late two days out of three; una volta su mille, one time out of a thousand; meritare otto su dieci, to get eight out of ten.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: sul momento, at first; sull'istante, immediately; sui due piedi, on the spot // su misura, made to measure // dipinto su legno, tela, painted on wood, canvas // (comm.): su campione, by sample; su campione tipo, on type (o on standard); su richiesta, on demand // essere sul punto di fare qlco., to be about (o to be going) to do sthg. // fare sul serio, to be in (o deadly) earnest (o to be serious): fai sul serio?, are you serious? (o fam. no kidding?) // credere sulla parola, to take s.o.'s word for it.
    * * *
    [su]
    1. prep su + il=sul, su + lo=sullo, su + l'=sull', su + la=sulla, su + i=sui, su + gli=sugli, su + le= sulle
    1) (gen) on, (moto) on(to), (in cima a) on (top of)

    gettarsi sulla preda — to throw o.s. on one's prey

    procedi sulla sinistra — keep on o to the left

    2) (addosso) over

    sul vestito indossava un golf rosso — she was wearing a red sweater over her dress

    4) (autorità, dominio) over

    100 metri sul livello del mare — 100 metres above sea level

    6) (argomento) about, on

    un articolo sulla prima guerra mondiale — an article on o about the First World War

    una conferenza sulla pace nel mondo — a conference on o about world peace

    7) (circa) about, around
    8) (proporzione) out of, in

    2 giorni su 3 — 2 days out of 3, 2 days in 3

    5 su 10 — (voto) 5 out of 10

    9)
    2. avv
    1) (in alto, verso l'alto) up, (al piano superiore) upstairs

    guarda su — look up

    lì su — up there

    su le mani! — hands up!

    qui su — up here

    2) (in poi) onwards

    dal numero 39 in su — from number 39 onwards

    dai 20 anni in su — from the age of 20 onwards

    prezzi dalle 50 euro in su — prices from 50 euros (upwards)

    3) (addosso) on

    cos' hai su? — what have you got on?

    posso metterlo su? — can I put it on?

    4)

    (fraseologia) su coraggio! — come on, cheer up!

    andava su e giù per il corridoio — he paced up and down the corridor

    su smettila! — come on, that's enough of that!

    su su non fare così! — now, now, don't behave like that!

    su svelto! — come on, hurry up!

    venir su dal niente — to rise from nothing

    * * *
    [su] 1.
    1) (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top of

    passare la mano su qcs. — to run one's hand over sth.

    salire sulla scala, su un albero — to climb (up) the ladder, a tree

    salire sul treno, sull'autobus — to get on o onto the train, the bus

    2) (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) over

    un ponte sul fiume — a bridge across o over the river

    3) (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over

    puntare un'arma su qcn. — to aim a gun at sb

    sul quarto canale — telev. on channel four

    8) (riguardo a, intorno a) on, about

    su consiglio di qcn. — on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion

    su ordine di qcn. — on sb.'s order

    commettere sbagli su sbagli — to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake

    12) (distributivo) out of
    2.
    1) (in alto) up

    portare qcs. su in soffitta — to take sth. up to the attic

    salire su su nel cielo — to raise up and up o further up into the sky

    4) in su up, upwards

    su per la montagna, le scale — up the mountain, the stairs

    6) su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro
    3.
    interiezione come on
    * * *
    su
    /su/
     (artcl. sul, sullo, sulla, sull'; pl. sui, sugli, sulle)
     1 (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top of; la tazza è sul tavolo the cup is on the table; battere il pugno sul tavolo to slam one's fist on the table; passare la mano su qcs. to run one's hand over sth.; salire sulla scala, su un albero to climb (up) the ladder, a tree; dimenticare l'ombrello sul treno to leave one's umbrella on the train; salire sul treno, sull'autobus to get on o onto the train, the bus; mettilo su quel mucchio put it on top of that pile
     2 (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) over; nuvole sulle montagne clouds over the mountain tops; un ponte sul fiume a bridge across o over the river; portare un maglione sulla camicia to wear a sweater over one's shirt; mettere una coperta sulla poltrona to lay a blanket over the armchair
     3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over; governare su un paese to rule (over) a country
     4 (al di sopra di) above; 500 m sul livello del mare 500 m above sea level
     5 (verso) la stanza dà sul parco the room looks onto o towards the park; puntare un'arma su qcn. to aim a gun at sb.
     6 (con nomi di fiumi e laghi) un ponte sul Tamigi a bridge over the Thames; le città sul Po the towns along the Po; crociera sul Nilo cruise on the Nile; vacanze sul Lago Maggiore holidays by Lake Maggiore
     7 (per indicare un supporto) on; su CD on CD; disegnare sulla sabbia to draw in the sand; copiare su carta to copy onto paper; sul giornale in the newspaper; sul quarto canale telev. on channel four
     8 (riguardo a, intorno a) on, about
     9 (per indicare il modo) su commissione on commission; su consiglio di qcn. on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion; su ordine di qcn. on sb.'s order
     10 (per indicare approssimazione) about, around; essere sui vent'anni to be about twenty; sul finire del secolo towards the end of the century
     11 (per indicare iterazione) after, upon; commettere sbagli su sbagli to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake
     12 (distributivo) out of; due persone su tre two out of every three people; una settimana su tre one week in three
     1 (in alto) up; su in cima up on the top; guardare su to look up; su le mani! hands up!
     2 (al piano superiore) upstairs; su fa più freddo it's colder upstairs; portare qcs. su in soffitta to take sth. up to the attic
     3 (come rafforzativo) salire su su nel cielo to raise up and up o further up into the sky
     4 in su up, upwards; più in su further up; guardare in su to look up(wards); dalla vita in su from the waist up(wards); dai 3 anni in su from (the age of) 3 up; a faccia in su face up(wards)
     5 su per su per la montagna, le scale up the mountain, the stairs
     6 su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro; andare su e giù per le scale to go up and down the stairs
     come on.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > su

  • 3 femårsalder

    subst. the age of five, (about) five years of age

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > femårsalder

  • 4 syttenårsalder

    subst. age seventeen, about seventeen years of age

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > syttenårsalder

  • 5 Иоанн XII

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Иоанн XII

  • 6 mue

    mue2 [my]
    feminine noun
    ( = transformation) [d'oiseau] moulting (Brit), molting (US) ; [de serpent] sloughing
    * * *

    I

    II my
    1) Zoologie ( renouvellement) ( d'insecte) metamorphosis; (de serpent, lézard) sloughing of the skin; (d'oiseau, de mammifère) moulting [BrE]; ( de cerf) casting
    2) Zoologie ( dépouille) (d'insecte, de serpent) slough, sloughed skin
    3) ( de voix) breaking GB ou changing US of voice
    4) ( transformation) liter transformation
    * * *
    my nf
    1) [oiseau, mammifère] moulting Grande-Bretagne molting USA, [serpent] sloughing
    2) [jeune garçon] breaking of the voice
    * * *
    mue nf
    1 Zool ( renouvellement) ( d'insecte) metamorphosis; (de serpent, lézard) sloughing of the skin; (d'oiseau, de mammifère) moultingGB; ( de cerf) casting;
    2 Zool ( dépouille) (d'insecte, de serpent) slough, sloughed skin; ( d'oiseau) shed feathers (pl); ( de mammifère) shed fur; ( de cerf) shed antlers (pl);
    3 ( de voix) breaking GB, changing US; pendant sa mue il n'osait plus chanter while his voice was breaking GB ou changing US he didn't dare to sing;
    4 fig ( transformation) transformation.
    [my] nom féminin
    1. ZOOLOGIE [transformation - d'un reptile] sloughing ; [ - d'un volatile] moulting ; [ - d'un mammifère à poils] shedding hair, moulting ; [ - d'un mammifère sans poils] shedding ou casting (of skin) ; [ - d'un cerf] shedding (of antlers)
    2. PHYSIOLOGIE [de la voix] breaking, changing
    3. [dépouille - d'un reptile] slough ; [ - d'un volatile] moulted feathers ; [ - d'un mammifère à poils] shed hair ; [ - d'un mammifère sans poils] shed skin ; [ - d'un cerf] shed antlers
    4. (figuré) [métamorphose] change, transformation
    5. [cage] (hen) coop

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mue

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 bis

    I Präp.
    1. bei Zeitdauer: till, until; bis heute so far, to date; betont: to this day; bis dato förm. to date allg.; bis jetzt up to now; so far; bis jetzt noch nicht not (as) yet; ich habe bis jetzt nichts gehört I haven’t heard anything yet ( oder so far); bis dahin until then; (in der Zwischenzeit) in the meantime; siehe auch 2; bis auf weiteres for the present; Amtsspr. until further notice; bis in die Nacht into the night; bis spät in die Nacht until the early ( oder wee) hours; die Sonne schien bis zum Sonntag the sun shone (up) until Sunday; bis zum späten Nachmittag till late in the afternoon; bis vor einigen Jahren until a few years ago; bis Ende Mai habe ich zu tun I’m busy until the end of May, Am. auch I’m busy through May; bis zum Ende (right) to the end; bis wann wird es dauern? how long will it last?; mit Datum: in der Zeit vom... bis... between... and...; von morgens acht bis abends sechs from eight in the morning until six at night; von Montag bis Freitag Monday to (Am. auch through) Friday; bis einschließlich / ausschließlich up to and including / not including; bis morgen / Montag / bald! see you tomorrow / (on) Monday / soon; bis dann / später / gleich! umg. see you then ( oder later) / later / in a moment
    2. (bis spätestens) by; mit Verbkonstruktion: by the time...; bis er zurückkommt, ist es schon dunkel by the time he gets back, it will be dark; es muss bis Freitag eingereicht werden it has to be handed in by Friday; bis wann ist es fertig? when will it be ready by?; bis wann hast du Zeit? how much time have you got?; bis wann willst du es wieder haben? when do you want it back by?; bis ( spätestens) morgen weiß ich Bescheid I’ll know for definite (Am. sure) by tomorrow (at the latest); die Fotos sind bis frühestens übermorgen fertig the photos will be ready the day after tomorrow at the earliest; ich bin noch bis sechs Uhr im Büro I’ll be at work until six o’clock; bis Ende April ist er wieder zurück he will be back by the end of April; alle bis... eingegangenen Bewerbungen all applications received by ( oder before)...; er hätte bis jetzt da sein müssen he should have been there by now; bis dahin werden wir fertig sein etc. by then, by that time
    3. räumlich: to, up to, as far as; fährt der Bus bis Glasgow? does this bus go to Glasgow?; bis hierher up to here; bis hierher und nicht weiter auch fig. this far and no further; bis dahin as far as that ( oder there); bis dahin ist es nicht weit that’s not far; bis wohin? how far?; bis ans Knie up to one’s knees; Kleid: down to the knee; von hier bis New York from here to New York; wie weit ist es noch bis nach Innsbruck? how far is it to Innsbruck?, how far have we got to go (before we get) to Innsbruck?; weiterlesen bis Seite zwölf continue to read to page twelve; bis vor das Haus fahren drive up to the front door of the house, drive (right) up to the house; er folgte mir bis ins Hotelfoyer he followed me (right) into the lobby of the hotel ( nicht weiter: as far as the lobby of the hotel); der Blick reicht bis weit ins Tal the view stretches right into the valley; der Ball flog bis hinter den Zaun the ball went over the fence; hier 1, oben etc.
    4. Zahlenangabe: bis zu 100 Mann up to..., as many as...; bis zu 9 Meter hoch up to..., as high as...; bis 20 zählen count (up) to 20; Kinder bis zwölf Jahre children up to the age of twelve oder up to twelve years of age; bis auf das letzte Stück down to the last bit (Kuchen etc.: piece)
    5. bis aufs Höchste to the utmost; bis ins Kleinste down to the last detail; bis zur Tollkühnheit to the point of rashness; bis zum Überdruss ad nauseam; bis auf die Haut nass werden be soaked to the skin; Bewusstlosigkeit etc.
    6. (mit Ausnahme von) bis auf except, with the exception of; alle bis auf einen all except ( oder but) one; bis auf drei sind alle gekommen all except three have come; letzt... 1, 4
    II Konj.
    1. till, until; (bis spätestens) by the time; es wird eine Zeitlang dauern, bis er es merkt it will take a while for him to find out ( oder before he finds out); er kommt nicht, bis ich ihn rufe he won’t come until ( oder unless) I call him; du gehst nicht, bis du aufgeräumt hast you’re not going until ( oder before) you’ve tidied (Am. cleaned) up; bis dass der Tod euch scheidet until death do you part; bis ich das gefunden habe! verärgert: if I don’t find it soon!, by the time I find it...!
    2. zwischen Zahladjektiven: to; 7 bis 10 Tage from 7 to 10 days, between 7 and 10 days; 5 bis 6 Wagen 5 to 6 cars
    3. heiter bis wolkig / sonnig bis leicht bedeckt im Wetterbericht: generally fine, cloudy in places / sunny with light cloud cover; die Tendenz war lustlos bis verhalten an der Börse: the tendency was slack to cautious
    * * *
    until (Präp.); to (Präp.); by (Präp.); unto (Präp.); as far as (Präp.); till (Präp.)
    * * *
    bịs I [bɪs]
    adv (MUS)
    bis, twice II [bɪs]
    1. PRÄPOSITION (+acc)
    1) zeitlich until; (= bis spätestens) byIm Sinne von bis spätestens wird bis meist mit by übersetzt.

    bis 5 Uhr mache ich Hausaufgaben, und dann... — I do my homework until 5 o'clock, and then...

    das muss bis Ende Mai warten — that will have to wait until or till the end of May

    ich kann nur ( noch) bis nächste Woche warten — I can only wait until next week, no longer

    er ist bis gegen 5 Uhr noch da — he'll be there (up) until or till about 5 o'clock

    bis zum Schluss war unklar, wie der Prozess ausgehen würde — the outcome of the trial was in doubt right up to the end

    es dauert mindestens/höchstens bis nächste Woche — it will take until next week at the very least/most

    bis jetzt hat er nichts gesagt — up to now or so far he has said nothing

    bis spätestens Montag darfst du es behalten — you can keep it until Monday, no longer

    die Wäsche ist frühestens bis nächsten Montag fertig — the laundry won't be ready until or before next Monday at the earliest

    dieser Brauch hat sich bis ins 19. Jahrhundert gehalten — this custom continued into the 19th century

    bis in den Sommer/die Nacht hinein — into the summer/night

    bis 5 Uhr kann ich das unmöglich machen/gemacht haben — I can't possibly do it/get it done by 5 o'clock

    das sollte bis zum nächsten Sommer fertig sein — it should be finished by next summer

    das hätte eigentlich bis jetzt fertig sein müssen — that should really have been finished by now

    bis einschließlich 5. Mai — up to and including 5th May

    bis ausschließlich 5. Mai — up to but not including 5th May

    bis bald/später/morgen! — see you soon/later/tomorrow!

    bis wann bleibt ihr hier? — how long are you staying here?

    sie geht bis auf Weiteres auf die Schule in der Kantstraße — for the time being, she'll continue going to the school on Kantstraße

    bis dann! — see you then!diams; von... bis... from... to or till or through (US)...; (mit Uhrzeiten) from... till or to...

    vom 10. Mai bis 12. Oktober — from 10th May until 12th October

    vom 10. Mai bis einschließlich 12. Oktober — from 10th May until 12th October inclusive

    2) räumlich to; (in Buch, Film, Erzählung) up to

    bis durch/über/unter — right through/over/under

    bis ins Letzte or Kleinste — down to the smallest detail

    bis wo/wohin? — how far?

    wie weit ist es zum nächsten Supermarkt? – bis dorthin sind es nur 5 km — how far is the nearest supermarket? – it's only 5km (away)

    bis hierher hast du ja recht gehabt — so or this far you've been right

    ich gehe bis hierher, aber nicht weiter — I'll go as far as that, but no further

    bis einschließlich Kapitel 3 — up to the end of chapter 3

    Kinder bis sechs Jahre, bis sechs Jahre alte Kinder — children up to the age of six

    4) andere Wendungendiams; bis zu (= bis zu einer oberen Grenze von) up to; (= bis zu einer unteren Grenze von) (down) to

    es sind alle gekommen, bis auf Sandra — they all came, except Sandra

    das Schiff ging unter und sie ertranken alle, bis auf den letzten Mann — the ship sank and every single one of them drowned

    2. BINDEWORT
    2) unterordnend zeitlich until, till; (= nicht später als) by the time

    ich warte noch, bis es dunkel wird — I'll wait until or till it gets dark

    bis es dunkel wird, möchte ich zu Hause sein — I want to get home before it gets dark

    das muss gemacht sein, bis ich nach Hause komme — it must be done by the time I come home

    du gehst hier nicht weg, bis das (nicht) gemacht ist — you're not leaving until or before it's done

    3) = sobald Aus inf when

    gleich bis er kommt — the moment he comes (inf), as soon as he comes

    * * *
    1) (to the place or point mentioned: We walked as far as the lake.) as far as
    2) (as far, or as much, as: He counted up to 100; Up to now, the work has been easy.) up to
    3) (to the time of or when: I'll wait till six o'clock; Go on till you reach the station.) till
    4) (as far as: His story is a lie from beginning to end.) to
    5) (until: Did you stay to the end of the concert?) to
    6) (to the time of or when: He was here until one o'clock; I won't know until I get a letter from him.) until
    * * *
    [bɪs]
    I. präp + akk
    1. (zeitlich) till, until; (nicht später als) by
    \bis anhin SCHWEIZ up to now
    \bis bald/gleich see you soon/in a little while [or a minute]
    \bis dahin/dann by then
    \bis dann! till then!
    \bis dahin bin ich alt und grau! I'll be old and grey by then!
    \bis dahin war alles gut gegangen until then everything had gone well
    \bis einschließlich [o SCHWEIZ und mit] up to and including
    das Angebot läuft noch \bis einschließlich 15.Oktober the offer runs up to and including October 15
    ich habe noch \bis einschließlich Dienstag Urlaub I am on holidays until Wednesday
    \bis jetzt up to now, so far; (spätestens jetzt) by now
    \bis jetzt haben wir 200.000 Ausgaben verkauft up to now [or so far] we've sold 200,000 copies
    \bis jetzt ist noch alles ruhig so far everything is still quiet
    das hätte \bis jetzt erledigt sein sollen that should have been done by now
    \bis jetzt noch nicht not yet
    irgendwelche Beschwerden? — nein, \bis jetzt jedenfalls noch nicht! any complaints? — no, nothing so far anyway
    \bis Montag/morgen/nächste Woche/später till Monday/tomorrow/next week/later
    \bis Montag/morgen/nächste Woche fertig sein müssen to have to be ready by Monday/tomorrow/next month
    dann bis später/Montag! see you later/on Monday!
    \bis spätestens... by... at the latest
    er bleibt \bis spätestens Freitag he is going to stay until Friday at the latest
    der Text muss \bis spätestens Montag fertig sein the text hast to be ready by Monday at the latest
    \bis [gegen] 8 Uhr until [about] 8 o' clock
    \bis wann until when
    \bis wann gilt der Fahrplan? when is the timetable valid till?, how long is the timetable valid?
    \bis wann weiß ich, ob Sie das Angebot annehmen? [by] when will I know, whether you're going to accept the offer?
    \bis wann bleibst du? how long are you staying [for]?
    \bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt up to this time
    ▪ \bis in etw akk into sth
    \bis spät in die Nacht long into the night
    \bis in die frühen Morgenstunden until the early hours [of the morning]
    ▪ von... [an] \bis... from... until...
    von Montag \bis Samstag from Monday to Saturday, Monday through Saturday AM
    ich bin von heute [an] \bis einschließlich Mittwoch auf einer Tagung I'm at a meeting from today until the end of Wednesday [or until Wednesday inclusive]
    ▪ \bis zu etw dat until [or till] sth; (nicht später als) by sth
    \bis zu dieser Stunde habe ich davon nichts gewusst! I knew nothing about it until now
    das Projekt dürfte \bis zum Jahresende abgeschlossen sein the project should be finished by [or before] the end of the year
    sie war \bis zum 17. Lebensjahr im Internat she was at boarding school until she was 17
    jetzt sind es nur noch zwei Stunden \bis nach Hause it's only another two hours until we get home
    2. (räumlich) to; (nicht weiter als) as far as
    der Zug geht nur \bis Wertheim the train's only going as far as Wertheim
    jdn von oben \bis unten mustern to look sb up and down
    er musterte ihn von oben \bis unten he looked him up and down
    der Hof geht genau \bis dahinten hin the yard runs right through to the back
    \bis dahin/dorthin [up] to there
    \bis dorthin sind es nur 3 Kilometer it's only 3 kilometres there
    siehst du die Sandbank? wir schwimmen \bis dahin can you see the sandbank? we'll swim out to there
    \bis dahin/hierhin [o hierher] up to that/this point
    \bis dahin kenne ich den Film I know the film up to that point
    \bis hierher und nicht weiter as far as here [or up to here] and no further
    \bis wohin [o (fam) wo] where to
    bis wohin können Sie mich mitnehmen? where can you take me to?, how far can you take me?
    \bis wohin sind wir in der letzten Stunde gekommen? where did we get to [or how far did we get] in the last lesson?
    ▪ \bis an/in/über/unter etw akk up to/into/over/under sth
    die Äste reichen [ganz] \bis ans Haus the branches reach [right] up to the house
    der Rock ging ihr \bis ans Knie the skirt reached down to her knees
    ▪ \bis vor etw akk/zu etw dat [up] to sth
    3. (bei Zahlenangaben) up to
    die Tagestemperaturen steigen \bis 30°C daytime temperatures rise to 30°C
    ich zähle \bis drei I'll count [up] to three
    Kinder \bis 6 Jahre children up to [the age of] 6
    ▪ \bis zu etw dat up to sth
    wir erwarten \bis zu 100 Personen we expect as many as 100 people
    die Pflanze kann \bis zu 2 Metern hoch wachsen the plant can grow as high as 2 metres
    Jugendliche \bis zu 18 Jahren adolescents up to [the age of] 18
    4. (mit Ausnahme von)
    ▪ \bis auf [o SCHWEIZ an] jdn/etw except [for] sb/sth
    ▪ \bis auf jdn/etw down to sb/sth
    II. konj
    400 \bis 500 Gramm Schinken 400 to 500 grams of ham
    5 \bis 10 Tage from 5 to [or between 5 and] 10 days
    das Wetter morgen: bewölkt \bis bedeckt und strichweise leichter Regen the weather for tomorrow: cloudy or overcast with light rain in places
    2. (unterordnend) till, until; (bevor) by the time; (bevor nicht) till, until
    ich möchte mit meiner Entscheidung warten, \bis ich mehr Informationen habe I'd like to wait with my decision until I've got more information
    \bis es dunkel wird, möchte ich zu Hause sein I want to be home by the time it gets dark
    ich warte noch, \bis es dunkel wird I'll wait until it gets dark
    \bis die Hausaufgaben gemacht sind, geht ihr nicht raus! you're not going out until your homework's done!
    III. adv MUS bis spec
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zeitlich) until; till; (die ganze Zeit über und bis zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt) up to; up until; up till; (nicht später als) by

    bis gestern glaubte ich... — [up] until yesterday I had thought...

    von Dienstag bis Donnerstag — from Tuesday to Thursday; Tuesday through Thursday (Amer.)

    von sechs bis sieben [Uhr] — from six until or till seven [o'clock]

    bis Ende März ist er zurück/verreist — he'll be back by/away until the end of March

    bis wann dauert das Konzert? — till or until when does the concert go on?

    bis dann/gleich/später/morgen/nachher! — see you then/in a while/later/tomorrow/later!

    2) (räumlich, fig.) to

    nur bis Seite 100 — only up to or as far as page 100

    bis 5 000 Euro — up to 5,000 euros

    Kinder bis 6 Jahre — children up to the age of six or up to six years of age

    2.
    1)

    Städte bis zu 50 000 Einwohnern — towns of up to 50,000 inhabitants

    2)

    bis auf — (einschließlich) down to; (mit Ausnahme von) except for

    3.
    2) (unterordnend) until; till; (österr.): (sobald) when
    * * *
    A. präp
    1. bei Zeitdauer: till, until;
    bis heute so far, to date; betont: to this day;
    bis dato form to date allg;
    bis jetzt up to now; so far;
    bis jetzt noch nicht not (as) yet;
    ich habe bis jetzt nichts gehört I haven’t heard anything yet ( oder so far);
    bis dahin until then; (in der Zwischenzeit) in the meantime; → auch 2;
    bis auf weiteres for the present; ADMIN until further notice;
    bis in die Nacht into the night;
    bis spät in die Nacht until the early ( oder wee) hours;
    die Sonne schien bis zum Sonntag the sun shone (up) until Sunday;
    bis zum späten Nachmittag till late in the afternoon;
    bis vor einigen Jahren until a few years ago;
    bis Ende Mai habe ich zu tun I’m busy until the end of May, US auch I’m busy through May;
    bis zum Ende (right) to the end;
    bis wann wird es dauern? how long will it last?; mit Datum:
    in der Zeit vom … bis … between … and …;
    von morgens acht bis abends sechs from eight in the morning until six at night;
    von Montag bis Freitag Monday to (US auch through) Friday;
    bis einschließlich/ausschließlich up to and including/not including;
    bis morgen/Montag/bald! see you tomorrow/(on) Monday/soon;
    bis dann/später/gleich! umg see you then ( oder later)/later/in a moment
    2. (bis spätestens) by; mit Verbkonstruktion: by the time …;
    bis er zurückkommt, ist es schon dunkel by the time he gets back, it will be dark;
    es muss bis Freitag eingereicht werden it has to be handed in by Friday;
    bis wann ist es fertig? when will it be ready by?;
    bis wann hast du Zeit? how much time have you got?;
    bis wann willst du es wieder haben? when do you want it back by?;
    bis (spätestens) morgen weiß ich Bescheid I’ll know for definite (US sure) by tomorrow (at the latest);
    die Fotos sind bis frühestens übermorgen fertig the photos will be ready the day after tomorrow at the earliest;
    ich bin noch bis sechs Uhr im Büro I’ll be at work until six o’clock;
    bis Ende April ist er wieder zurück he will be back by the end of April;
    alle bis … eingegangenen Bewerbungen all applications received by ( oder before) …;
    er hätte bis jetzt da sein müssen he should have been there by now;
    bis dahin werden wir fertig sein etc by then, by that time
    3. räumlich: to, up to, as far as;
    fährt der Bus bis Glasgow? does this bus go to Glasgow?;
    bis hierher up to here;
    bis hierher und nicht weiter auch fig this far and no further;
    bis dahin as far as that ( oder there);
    bis dahin ist es nicht weit that’s not far;
    bis wohin? how far?;
    bis ans Knie up to one’s knees; Kleid: down to the knee;
    von hier bis New York from here to New York;
    wie weit ist es noch bis nach Innsbruck? how far is it to Innsbruck?, how far have we got to go (before we get) to Innsbruck?;
    weiterlesen bis Seite zwölf continue to read to page twelve;
    bis vor das Haus fahren drive up to the front door of the house, drive (right) up to the house;
    er folgte mir bis ins Hotelfoyer he followed me (right) into the lobby of the hotel ( nicht weiter: as far as the lobby of the hotel);
    der Blick reicht bis weit ins Tal the view stretches right into the valley;
    der Ball flog bis hinter den Zaun the ball went over the fence; → hier 1, oben etc
    bis zu 100 Mann up to …, as many as …;
    hoch up to …, as high as …;
    bis 20 zählen count (up) to 20;
    Kinder bis zwölf Jahre children up to the age of twelve oder up to twelve years of age;
    bis auf das letzte Stück down to the last bit (Kuchen etc: piece)
    5.
    bis aufs Höchste to the utmost;
    bis ins Kleinste down to the last detail;
    bis zur Tollkühnheit to the point of rashness;
    bis zum Überdruss ad nauseam;
    bis auf die Haut nass werden be soaked to the skin; → Bewusstlosigkeit etc
    bis auf except, with the exception of;
    alle bis auf einen all except ( oder but) one;
    bis auf drei sind alle gekommen all except three have come; → letzt…
    B. konj
    1. till, until; (bis spätestens) by the time;
    es wird eine Zeitlang dauern, bis er es merkt it will take a while for him to find out ( oder before he finds out);
    er kommt nicht, bis ich ihn rufe he won’t come until ( oder unless) I call him;
    du gehst nicht, bis du aufgeräumt hast you’re not going until ( oder before) you’ve tidied (US cleaned) up;
    bis dass der Tod euch scheidet until death do you part;
    bis ich das gefunden habe! verärgert: if I don’t find it soon!, by the time I find it …!
    7 bis 10 Tage from 7 to 10 days, between 7 and 10 days;
    5 bis 6 Wagen 5 to 6 cars
    3.
    heiter bis wolkig/sonnig bis leicht bedeckt im Wetterbericht: generally fine, cloudy in places/sunny with light cloud cover;
    die Tendenz war lustlos bis verhalten an der Börse: the tendency was slack to cautious
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zeitlich) until; till; (die ganze Zeit über und bis zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt) up to; up until; up till; (nicht später als) by

    bis gestern glaubte ich... — [up] until yesterday I had thought...

    von Dienstag bis Donnerstag — from Tuesday to Thursday; Tuesday through Thursday (Amer.)

    von sechs bis sieben [Uhr] — from six until or till seven [o'clock]

    bis Ende März ist er zurück/verreist — he'll be back by/away until the end of March

    bis wann dauert das Konzert? — till or until when does the concert go on?

    bis dann/gleich/später/morgen/nachher! — see you then/in a while/later/tomorrow/later!

    2) (räumlich, fig.) to

    nur bis Seite 100 — only up to or as far as page 100

    bis 5 000 Euro — up to 5,000 euros

    Kinder bis 6 Jahre — children up to the age of six or up to six years of age

    2.
    1)

    Städte bis zu 50 000 Einwohnern — towns of up to 50,000 inhabitants

    2)

    bis auf — (einschließlich) down to; (mit Ausnahme von) except for

    3.
    2) (unterordnend) until; till; (österr.): (sobald) when
    * * *
    (dass) konj.
    until conj. (zu) konj.
    till conj. konj.
    till conj.
    unless conj. präp.
    as far as prep.
    by prep.
    until conj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bis

  • 9 darüber

    Adv.
    1. räumlich: darüber legen / liegen / breiten etc. lay / lie / spread etc. over it ( oder them) ( betont: over that [oder those]; quer darüber: across it etc.); darüber schweben etc. hover etc. above it; das Zimmer darüber the room above; mit einem Dach etc. darüber with a roof etc. on top; mit der Hand darüber fahren oder streichen run one’s hand over it; mit einem Staubtuch darüber wischen go over it with a duster; darüber fallen fall over it; darüber schreiben write over it; (Namen etc.) write at the top; es geht nichts darüber fig. there’s nothing like it; da steht er darüber fig. he is above that ( oder such things)
    2. fig. (mehr) more; (höher) higher; die Kosten liegen ( weit) darüber the costs are (much) higher; sechs Jahre und darüber Alter: six years (of age) and above ( oder over), from six years of age upwards; Zeitraum: six years and over
    3. zeitlich: in the meantime; ich bin darüber eingeschlafen I fell asleep over it; darüber werden Jahre vergehen that will take years
    4. fig. (über eine Sache) about that ( oder it); (über dieses Thema) on that ( oder it); ich freue mich darüber, dass... I’m glad (that)...; darüber vergaß er seine Probleme it took his mind off his problems; darüber wird morgen verhandelt we’ll etc. be discussing that tomorrow; darüber lässt sich streiten that’s a matter of opinion, that’s a debatable point; er beklagt sich darüber, dass er unfair behandelt worden sei he complains of having been treated unfairly; sich darüber hermachen umg. (übers Essen) get stuck in(to it)
    5. darüber hinaus beyond it, past it; fig. in addition, on top of it; (was das Übrige angeht) beyond that; darüber hinaus möchte ich noch sagen... furthermore ( oder moreover) I would like to say...; wir sind darüber hinweg fig. we’ve got(ten) over it
    * * *
    upwards (Adv.); above (Präp.); thereon (Adv.); upward (Adv.)
    * * *
    da|rü|ber [da'ryːbɐ] (emph) ['daːryːbɐ]
    adv
    1) (räumlich) over that/it/them; (= quer darüber) across or over there; (wenn Bezugsobjekt vorher erwähnt) across or over it/them; (= höher als etw) above (there/it/them); (= direkt auf etw) on top (of it/them)

    geh darǘber, nicht hierüber! — go across or over there, not here!

    die Aufgabe war sehr schwer, ich habe lange darǘbergesessen — the exercise was very difficult, I sat over it for a long time

    darǘber hinweg sein (fig) — to have got over it

    darǘber hinaus — apart from this/that, in addition

    darǘber hinaus kann ich nichts sagen — over and above that I can't say anything

    darǘber hinaus log sie mich auch noch an — on top of that she also lied to me

    jetzt ist er darǘber hinaus (fig) — he is past that now

    2) (= deswegen, in dieser Beziehung) about that/it

    sich darǘber beschweren/beklagen etc — to complain/moan etc about it

    sich darǘber beschweren/beklagen etc, dass... — to complain/moan etc that...

    wir wollen nicht darǘber streiten, ob... — we don't want to argue or disagree about whether...

    3) (= davon) about that/it

    Rechenschaft darǘber ablegen — to account for it

    sie führt eine Liste darǘber — she keeps a list of it

    4) (= währenddessen) in the meantime

    Wochen gingen darǘber hin — meanwhile or in the meantime weeks went past

    5) (= mehr, höher) above or over that

    21 Jahre/4 Euro und darǘber — 21 years/4 euros and above or over

    kein Cent darǘber — not a penny over (that) or more

    darǘber hinaus — over and above that

    es geht nichts darǘber — there is nothing to beat it

    * * *
    dar·über
    [daˈry:bɐ]
    1. (räumlich) over it/that/them; (direkt auf etw) on top [of it/that]; (oberhalb von etw) above [it/that/them]; (über etw hinweg) over [it/that/them]
    2. (hinsichtlich einer Sache) about it/that/them
    sich akk \darüber beklagen/streiten, dass... to complain that.../argue about...
    sich akk \darüber wundern, was... to be surprised at what...
    \darüber brüten/sitzen/wachen to brood/sit/watch over it/that/them
    \darüber spricht man nicht! one doesn't [or you don't] talk about such things!
    \darüber hinweggehen/hinwegsehen to pass over [or ignore] it
    sie sah \darüber hinweg, dass er schlecht gelaunt war she ignored the fact that he was in a bad mood
    \darüber Stillschweigen bewahren to maintain silence on [or keep silent about] it
    \darüber besteht kein Zweifel there is no doubt about it
    3. (währenddessen) in the meantime; (dabei und deswegen) in the process
    4. (über diese Grenze hinaus) above [or over] [that]
    10 Stunden oder \darüber 10 hours and/or longer [or more]
    die Teilnehmer waren alle 50 oder \darüber the participants were all 50 or above [or older
    5.
    ▶ \darüber hinaus in addition [to this/that], apart from this/that; (obendrein) what is more
    ▶ \darüber hinaus [o hinweg] sein to have got [or AM gotten] over it/that
    ▶ \darüber hinausgehend exceeding [a limit]
    \darüber hinausgehende Kosten werden erstattet costs exceeding [or in excess of] this limit will be reimbursed
    ▶ jdm \darüber hinweghelfen to help sb get over it/that
    * * *
    1) (über diesem/diesen) over or above it/them; (über dies/diese) over it/them

    wir wohnen im zweiten Stock und er darüber — we live on the second floor and he lives above us

    darüber fahren — run over it/them

    darüber stehen — (fig.) be above such things

    darüber steigen — climb over it/them

    2)

    darüber hinaus — in additon [to that]; (noch obendrein) what is more

    3) (über dieser/diese Angelegenheit) about it/them
    4) (über diese Grenze, dieses Maß hinaus) above [that]; over [that]

    Ist es schon 12 Uhr? - Aber ja, es ist schon 10 Minuten darüber — Is it twelve o'clock yet? - Oh yes, it's already ten past

    5) (währenddessen) meanwhile
    6) (währenddessen und deshalb) because of it/them; as a result
    * * *
    darüber legen/liegen/breiten etc lay/lie/spread etc over it ( oder them) ( betont: over that [ oder those]; quer darüber: across it etc);
    darüber schweben etc hover etc above it;
    das Zimmer darüber the room above;
    darüber with a roof etc on top;
    streichen run one’s hand over it;
    mit einem Staubtuch darüber wischen go over it with a duster;
    darüber fallen fall over it;
    darüber schreiben write over it; (Namen etc) write at the top;
    es geht nichts darüber fig there’s nothing like it;
    da steht er darüber fig he is above that ( oder such things)
    2. fig (mehr) more; (höher) higher;
    die Kosten liegen (weit) darüber the costs are (much) higher;
    sechs Jahre und darüber Alter: six years (of age) and above ( oder over), from six years of age upwards; Zeitraum: six years and over
    3. zeitlich: in the meantime;
    ich bin darüber eingeschlafen I fell asleep over it;
    darüber werden Jahre vergehen that will take years
    4. fig (über eine Sache) about that ( oder it); (über dieses Thema) on that ( oder it);
    ich freue mich darüber, dass … I’m glad (that) …;
    darüber vergaß er seine Probleme it took his mind off his problems;
    darüber wird morgen verhandelt we’ll etc be discussing that tomorrow;
    darüber lässt sich streiten that’s a matter of opinion, that’s a debatable point;
    er beklagt sich darüber, dass er unfair behandelt worden sei he complains of having been treated unfairly;
    sich darüber hermachen umg (übers Essen) get stuck in(to it)
    5.
    darüber hinaus beyond it, past it; fig in addition, on top of it; (was das Übrige angeht) beyond that;
    darüber hinaus möchte ich noch sagen … furthermore ( oder moreover) I would like to say …;
    wir sind darüber hinweg fig we’ve got(ten) over it
    * * *
    1) (über diesem/diesen) over or above it/them; (über dies/diese) over it/them

    darüber fahren — run over it/them

    darüber stehen — (fig.) be above such things

    darüber steigen — climb over it/them

    2)

    darüber hinaus — in additon [to that]; (noch obendrein) what is more

    3) (über dieser/diese Angelegenheit) about it/them
    4) (über diese Grenze, dieses Maß hinaus) above [that]; over [that]

    Ist es schon 12 Uhr? - Aber ja, es ist schon 10 Minuten darüber — Is it twelve o'clock yet? - Oh yes, it's already ten past

    5) (währenddessen) meanwhile
    6) (währenddessen und deshalb) because of it/them; as a result

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > darüber

  • 10 über

    I Präp.
    1. räumlich: over, above; (höher als) auch higher than; (über... hinaus) beyond; sie wohnt über uns she lives (on the floor) above us; über der Stadt tobte ein Gewitter a storm was raging over the town; über uns nichts als blauer Himmel nothing above us but blue sky; er stand bis über die Knöchel im Schlamm the mud came up past his ankles; über jemandem stehen fig. (überlegen sein) be above s.o. (auch beruflich); über den Dingen stehen fig. be above such things
    2. (quer über) across; über die Straße gehen cross the street; über den Fluss schwimmen swim across the river; jemandem über das Haar streichen stroke s.o.’s hair; Tränen liefen ihr über die Wangen tears ran down her cheeks
    3. (in Richtung) via, through; über München nach Rom to Rome via Munich; geht der Zug über Frankfurt? does the train go through ( oder via) Frankfurt?
    4. bei einer Tätigkeit etc.: over; über den Büchern sitzen sit ( oder pore) over one’s books; über der Arbeit / seiner Lektüre einschlafen fall asleep over one’s work / while reading
    5. über meine Kräfte ( hinaus) beyond my strength; das geht über meinen Verstand it’s beyond me, it’s above my head; das geht ihm über alles it means more than anything to him; es geht nichts über... there’s nothing like...
    6. (mehr als) over, more than; amtlich: exceeding; Temperaturen über null above freezing ( oder zero); über 30 Grad over 30 degrees; er ist über 70 Jahre alt past ( oder over) seventy; man muss über 18 ( Jahre) sein you must be over 18
    7. (+ Akk) (wegen) over, about; über jemanden lachen laugh at / make fun of s.o.; sich (Dat) über etw. Sorgen machen worry about s.th.
    8. (+ Akk) (in Höhe von): eine Rechnung über 400 Euro a bill for 400 euros
    9. (während) during, while; über Nacht overnight; über das Wochenende over the weekend; über einige Jahre verteilt spread over several years; über kurz oder lang sooner or later; über all dem Gerede habe ich die Kinder ganz vergessen with all this chatting I completely forgot about the children
    10. sprechen etc. über (+ Akk) about; Abhandlung, Werk, Vortrag über (+ Akk) on; über Geschäfte / den Beruf / Politik reden talk business / shop / politics; nachdenken über (+ Akk) think about
    11. verstärkend: Fehler über Fehler one mistake after the other; Ärger über Ärger no end of trouble; er hat Schulden über Schulden he’s up to his ears in debt
    II Adv.: über und über all over; die ganze Zeit über all along; den ganzen Tag etc. über throughout the day etc.; etw. über sein umg. have had enough of s.th., be sick and tired of s.th.; übrig, vorüber, überhaben etc.
    * * *
    by way of; over; across; via; about; above; on
    * * *
    ['yːbɐ]
    1. prep
    1) +acc (räumlich) over; (= quer über) across; (= weiter als) beyond

    etw ǘber etw hängen/stellen — to hang/put sth over or above sth

    es wurde ǘber alle Sender ausgestrahlt — it was broadcast over all transmitters

    er lachte ǘber das ganze Gesicht — he was beaming all over his face

    2) +dat (räumlich) (Lage, Standort) over, above; (= jenseits) over, across

    zwei Grad ǘber null — two degrees (above zero)

    ǘber der Stadt lag dichter Nebel — a thick mist hung over the town

    ǘber uns lachte die Sonne — the sun smiled above us

    er trug den Mantel ǘber dem Arm — he was carrying his coat over his arm

    ǘber jdm stehen or sein (fig) — to be over or above sb

    er steht ǘber der Situation (fig) — he is above it all

    3) +dat (zeitlich = bei, während) over

    ǘber der Arbeit einschlafen — to fall asleep over one's work

    etw ǘber einem Glas Wein besprechen — to discuss sth over a glass of wine

    ǘber all der Aufregung/unserer Unterhaltung habe ich ganz vergessen, dass... — in all the or what with all the excitement/what with all this chatting I quite forgot that...

    ǘber Mittag geht er meist nach Hause — he usually goes home at lunch or at midday

    4) +acc

    Cäsars Sieg ǘber die Gallier — Caesar's victory over the Gauls

    Gewalt ǘber jdn haben — to have power over sb

    es kam plötzlich ǘber ihn — it suddenly came over him

    sie liebt ihn ǘber alles — she loves him more than anything

    das geht mir ǘber den Verstand — that's beyond my understanding

    Fluch ǘber dich! (obs) — a curse upon you! (obs)

    5) +acc (= vermittels, auf dem Wege über) via

    die Nummer erfährt man ǘber die Auskunft — you'll get the number from or through or via information

    wir sind ǘber die Autobahn gekommen — we came by or via the autobahn

    nach Köln ǘber Aachen — to Cologne via Aachen

    Zug nach Frankfurt ǘber Wiesbaden und Mainz — train to Frankfurt via or stopping at or calling at (Brit) Wiesbaden and Mainz

    6) +acc (zeitlich) (= innerhalb eines Zeitraums, länger als) over

    ǘber Weihnachten — over Christmas

    bis ǘber Ostern — until after Easter

    den ganzen Sommer ǘber — all summer long

    ǘber Wochen (ausgedehnt) — for weeks on end

    die ganze Zeit ǘber — all the time

    das ganze Jahr ǘber — all through the year, all year round

    ǘber kurz oder lang — sooner or later

    es ist ǘber vierzehn Tage her, dass... — it's over fourteen days since...

    7) +acc (bei Zahlenangaben) (= in Höhe von) for; (= mehr als) over

    ein Scheck ǘber 20 Euro — a cheque (Brit) or check (US) for 20 euros

    eine Rechnung von ǘber £ 100 — a bill for over or of over £100

    Kinder ǘber 14 Jahre — children over 14 years or of 14 (years of age) and over

    Städte ǘber 50.000 Einwohner — towns of over 50,000 inhabitants

    Pakete ǘber 10 kg — parcels (esp Brit) or packages over 10 kgs

    8) +acc (= wegen) over; (= betreffend) about

    ein Buch/Film/Vortrag etc ǘber... — a book/film/lecture etc about or on...

    was wissen Sie ǘber ihn? — what do you know about him?

    ǘber welches Thema schreiben Sie Ihr neues Buch? — what's the subject of your new book?, what's your new book about?

    ǘber Politik/Wörterbücher/Fußball etc reden — to talk (about) politics/dictionaries/football etc

    ǘber jdn/etw lachen — to laugh about or at sb/sth

    sich ǘber etw freuen/ärgern — to be pleased/angry about or at sth

    9) +acc (steigernd) upon

    Fehler ǘber Fehler — mistake upon or after mistake, one mistake after another

    2. adv

    ǘber und ǘber — all over

    er wurde ǘber und ǘber rot — he went red all over

    ich stecke ǘber und ǘber in Schulden — I am up to my ears in debt

    (das) Gewehr ǘber! (Mil) — shoulder arms!

    ǘber sein (inf) — to be better than sb at sth

    * * *
    1) (on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) about
    2) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) above
    3) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) above
    4) (to the other side (of); from one side to the other side of: He took her across the road.) across
    5) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) by
    6) (more than: His salary is in excess of $25,000 a year.) in excess of
    7) (about: a book on the theatre.) on
    8) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) over
    9) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) over
    10) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) over
    11) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) over
    12) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) over
    13) (finished: The affair is over now.) over
    14) (by way of: We went to America via Japan; The news reached me via my aunt.) via
    * * *
    [ˈy:bɐ]
    1. +dat (oberhalb) above
    \über dem Waschbecken befindet sich ein Spiegel there's a mirror above the washbasin
    2. +dat (unmittelbar auf) over
    \über diesem Pullover kannst du keinen roten Mantel tragen you can't wear a red coat over that pullover
    reinige die Flasche \über der Spüle clean the bottle over the sink
    \über der Straße across the street
    4. +akk (höher als) over
    er hängte ein Schild über die Tür he hang a sign over the door
    5. +akk (querend) over
    reichst du mir mal den Kaffee \über den Tisch? can you pass me the coffee across the table?
    die Brücke führt \über den Fluss the bridge goes over [or across] the river
    mit einem Satz sprang er \über den Graben with a single leap he jumped over [or across] [or cleared] the ditch
    6. +akk (sich länger erstreckend: horizontal) beyond; (vertikal) above
    das Schloss ragte \über das Tal empor the castle towered above the valley
    bis \über die Knöchel im Dreck versinken to sink ankle-deep in mud
    7. +akk (erfassend) over
    der Scheinwerferstrahl strich \über die Mauer und den Gefängnishof the spotlight swept over [or across] the wall and the prison courtyard
    ein Blick \über etw a view of [or over] sth
    ein Überblick \über etw an overview of sth
    8. +akk (bedeckend) over
    sie breitete eine Tischdecke \über den Tisch she spread a tablecloth over the table
    9. +akk (berührend) over
    er strich ihr \über das Haar/die Wange he stroked her hair/cheek
    seid ihr auf eurer Tour auch \über München gekommen? did you go through Munich on your trip?
    Zug nach Berlin über Leipzig train to Berlin via [or stopping at] Leipzig
    11. +akk (überlegen, vorrangig) above
    er steht \über den Dingen he is above it all
    12. +akk (zeitlich länger) over
    es ist \über eine Woche her, dass... it's over a week since...
    bis \über Weihnachten until after Christmas
    13. +akk (während) over
    habt ihr \über das Wochenende schon was vor? have you got anything planned for [or over] the weekend?
    \über Wochen for weeks on end
    vergiss \über dem ganzen Ärger aber nicht, dass wir dich lieben don't forget in the midst of all this trouble that we love you
    irgendwie muss ich \über diesem Gedanken wohl eingeschlafen sein I must have somehow fallen asleep [whilst] thinking about it
    sie sitzt \über ihren Büchern she is sitting over her books
    15. +dat (mehr als) over
    Kinder \über sechs [Jahre] children over six years [or of six years and over]
    bei \über 40° C... at a temperature [or temperatures] of more than [or over] 40° C...
    ich gebe Ihnen einen Scheck \über Euro 5.000 I'm giving you a cheque for 5,000 euros
    17. +akk (betreffend) about
    ich darf Ihnen keine Auskunft \über diese Sache geben I can't give you any information about [or on] this affair
    ein Buch \über jdn/etw schreiben to write a book about [or on] sb/sth
    18. +akk (mithilfe von) through
    ich habe diese Stelle \über Beziehungen bekommen I got this position through being well connected
    19. + akk RADIO, TV (etw benutzend) on
    \über Satellit empfange ich 63 Programme I can receive 63 channels via [or on] satellite
    20.
    ▶ ... \über... nothing but...
    es waren Vögel \über Vögel, die über uns hinwegrauschten! [what seemed like] an endless stream of birds flew over us!
    Fehler \über Fehler nothing but mistakes, mistake after [or upon] mistake!
    Reden \über Reden speech after speech
    ▶ \über alles more than anything
    sein Hund geht ihm \über alles he loves his dog more than anything else
    II. adv
    1. (älter als) over
    Kinder, die \über sechs Jahre alt sind,... children over six
    2. (mehr als) more than
    3. (während) through
    das ganze Jahr/den ganzen Sommer \über all through the year/summer
    den ganzen Tag \über all day long
    4.
    ▶ \über und \über all over, completely
    ihr seid \über und \über mit Schlamm verschmiert! you're completely covered [or covered all over] in mud!
    \über und \über verdreckt sein to be absolutely filthy
    III. adj (fam)
    ▪ \über sein to be left; Essen to be left [over]
    etw [für jdn] \über haben to have sth left [for sb]; Essen to have sth left [over] [for sb]
    ▪ jdm [in etw dat] \über sein to be better than [or fam have the edge on] sb [in sth]
    jdm auf einem bestimmten Gebiet \über sein to be better than sb in a certain field
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen — (fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    A. präp
    1. räumlich: over, above; (höher als) auch higher than; (über … hinaus) beyond;
    sie wohnt über uns she lives (on the floor) above us;
    über der Stadt tobte ein Gewitter a storm was raging over the town;
    über uns nichts als blauer Himmel nothing above us but blue sky;
    er stand bis über die Knöchel im Schlamm the mud came up past his ankles;
    über jemandem stehen fig (überlegen sein) be above sb (auch beruflich);
    über den Dingen stehen fig be above such things
    2. (quer über) across;
    über die Straße gehen cross the street;
    über den Fluss schwimmen swim across the river;
    Tränen liefen ihr über die Wangen tears ran down her cheeks
    3. (in Richtung) via, through;
    über München nach Rom to Rome via Munich;
    geht der Zug über Frankfurt? does the train go through ( oder via) Frankfurt?
    4. bei einer Tätigkeit etc: over;
    über den Büchern sitzen sit ( oder pore) over one’s books;
    über der Arbeit/seiner Lektüre einschlafen fall asleep over one’s work/while reading
    5.
    über meine Kräfte (hinaus) beyond my strength;
    das geht über meinen Verstand it’s beyond me, it’s above my head;
    das geht ihm über alles it means more than anything to him;
    es geht nichts über … there’s nothing like …
    6. (mehr als) over, more than; amtlich: exceeding;
    über null above freezing ( oder zero);
    über 30 Grad over 30 degrees;
    über 70 Jahre alt past ( oder over) seventy;
    man muss über 18 (Jahre) sein you must be over 18
    7. (+akk) (wegen) over, about;
    über jemanden lachen laugh at/make fun of sb;
    sich (dat)
    über etwas Sorgen machen worry about sth
    8. (+akk) (in Höhe von):
    eine Rechnung über 400 Euro a bill for 400 euros
    9. (während) during, while;
    über Nacht overnight;
    über das Wochenende over the weekend;
    über einige Jahre verteilt spread over several years;
    über kurz oder lang sooner or later;
    über all dem Gerede habe ich die Kinder ganz vergessen with all this chatting I completely forgot about the children
    10. sprechen etc
    über (+akk) about;
    Abhandlung, Werk, Vortrag
    über (+akk) on;
    über Geschäfte/den Beruf/Politik reden talk business/shop/politics;
    nachdenken über (+akk) think about
    Fehler über Fehler one mistake after the other;
    Ärger über Ärger no end of trouble;
    er hat Schulden über Schulden he’s up to his ears in debt
    B. adv:
    über und über all over;
    über throughout the day etc;
    etwas über sein umg have had enough of sth, be sick and tired of sth; → übrig, vorüber, überhaben etc
    über…, Über… im adj & subst etc meist over…, hyper…
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen — (fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    präp.
    about prep.
    above prep.
    across prep.
    at prep.
    beyond prep.
    by prep.
    of prep.
    on prep.
    over prep.
    via prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > über

  • 11 Über

    I Präp.
    1. räumlich: over, above; (höher als) auch higher than; (über... hinaus) beyond; sie wohnt über uns she lives (on the floor) above us; über der Stadt tobte ein Gewitter a storm was raging over the town; über uns nichts als blauer Himmel nothing above us but blue sky; er stand bis über die Knöchel im Schlamm the mud came up past his ankles; über jemandem stehen fig. (überlegen sein) be above s.o. (auch beruflich); über den Dingen stehen fig. be above such things
    2. (quer über) across; über die Straße gehen cross the street; über den Fluss schwimmen swim across the river; jemandem über das Haar streichen stroke s.o.’s hair; Tränen liefen ihr über die Wangen tears ran down her cheeks
    3. (in Richtung) via, through; über München nach Rom to Rome via Munich; geht der Zug über Frankfurt? does the train go through ( oder via) Frankfurt?
    4. bei einer Tätigkeit etc.: over; über den Büchern sitzen sit ( oder pore) over one’s books; über der Arbeit / seiner Lektüre einschlafen fall asleep over one’s work / while reading
    5. über meine Kräfte ( hinaus) beyond my strength; das geht über meinen Verstand it’s beyond me, it’s above my head; das geht ihm über alles it means more than anything to him; es geht nichts über... there’s nothing like...
    6. (mehr als) over, more than; amtlich: exceeding; Temperaturen über null above freezing ( oder zero); über 30 Grad over 30 degrees; er ist über 70 Jahre alt past ( oder over) seventy; man muss über 18 ( Jahre) sein you must be over 18
    7. (+ Akk) (wegen) over, about; über jemanden lachen laugh at / make fun of s.o.; sich (Dat) über etw. Sorgen machen worry about s.th.
    8. (+ Akk) (in Höhe von): eine Rechnung über 400 Euro a bill for 400 euros
    9. (während) during, while; über Nacht overnight; über das Wochenende over the weekend; über einige Jahre verteilt spread over several years; über kurz oder lang sooner or later; über all dem Gerede habe ich die Kinder ganz vergessen with all this chatting I completely forgot about the children
    10. sprechen etc. über (+ Akk) about; Abhandlung, Werk, Vortrag über (+ Akk) on; über Geschäfte / den Beruf / Politik reden talk business / shop / politics; nachdenken über (+ Akk) think about
    11. verstärkend: Fehler über Fehler one mistake after the other; Ärger über Ärger no end of trouble; er hat Schulden über Schulden he’s up to his ears in debt
    II Adv.: über und über all over; die ganze Zeit über all along; den ganzen Tag etc. über throughout the day etc.; etw. über sein umg. have had enough of s.th., be sick and tired of s.th.; übrig, vorüber, überhaben etc.
    * * *
    by way of; over; across; via; about; above; on
    * * *
    ['yːbɐ]
    1. prep
    1) +acc (räumlich) over; (= quer über) across; (= weiter als) beyond

    etw ǘber etw hängen/stellen — to hang/put sth over or above sth

    es wurde ǘber alle Sender ausgestrahlt — it was broadcast over all transmitters

    er lachte ǘber das ganze Gesicht — he was beaming all over his face

    2) +dat (räumlich) (Lage, Standort) over, above; (= jenseits) over, across

    zwei Grad ǘber null — two degrees (above zero)

    ǘber der Stadt lag dichter Nebel — a thick mist hung over the town

    ǘber uns lachte die Sonne — the sun smiled above us

    er trug den Mantel ǘber dem Arm — he was carrying his coat over his arm

    ǘber jdm stehen or sein (fig) — to be over or above sb

    er steht ǘber der Situation (fig) — he is above it all

    3) +dat (zeitlich = bei, während) over

    ǘber der Arbeit einschlafen — to fall asleep over one's work

    etw ǘber einem Glas Wein besprechen — to discuss sth over a glass of wine

    ǘber all der Aufregung/unserer Unterhaltung habe ich ganz vergessen, dass... — in all the or what with all the excitement/what with all this chatting I quite forgot that...

    ǘber Mittag geht er meist nach Hause — he usually goes home at lunch or at midday

    4) +acc

    Cäsars Sieg ǘber die Gallier — Caesar's victory over the Gauls

    Gewalt ǘber jdn haben — to have power over sb

    es kam plötzlich ǘber ihn — it suddenly came over him

    sie liebt ihn ǘber alles — she loves him more than anything

    das geht mir ǘber den Verstand — that's beyond my understanding

    Fluch ǘber dich! (obs) — a curse upon you! (obs)

    5) +acc (= vermittels, auf dem Wege über) via

    die Nummer erfährt man ǘber die Auskunft — you'll get the number from or through or via information

    wir sind ǘber die Autobahn gekommen — we came by or via the autobahn

    nach Köln ǘber Aachen — to Cologne via Aachen

    Zug nach Frankfurt ǘber Wiesbaden und Mainz — train to Frankfurt via or stopping at or calling at (Brit) Wiesbaden and Mainz

    6) +acc (zeitlich) (= innerhalb eines Zeitraums, länger als) over

    ǘber Weihnachten — over Christmas

    bis ǘber Ostern — until after Easter

    den ganzen Sommer ǘber — all summer long

    ǘber Wochen (ausgedehnt) — for weeks on end

    die ganze Zeit ǘber — all the time

    das ganze Jahr ǘber — all through the year, all year round

    ǘber kurz oder lang — sooner or later

    es ist ǘber vierzehn Tage her, dass... — it's over fourteen days since...

    7) +acc (bei Zahlenangaben) (= in Höhe von) for; (= mehr als) over

    ein Scheck ǘber 20 Euro — a cheque (Brit) or check (US) for 20 euros

    eine Rechnung von ǘber £ 100 — a bill for over or of over £100

    Kinder ǘber 14 Jahre — children over 14 years or of 14 (years of age) and over

    Städte ǘber 50.000 Einwohner — towns of over 50,000 inhabitants

    Pakete ǘber 10 kg — parcels (esp Brit) or packages over 10 kgs

    8) +acc (= wegen) over; (= betreffend) about

    ein Buch/Film/Vortrag etc ǘber... — a book/film/lecture etc about or on...

    was wissen Sie ǘber ihn? — what do you know about him?

    ǘber welches Thema schreiben Sie Ihr neues Buch? — what's the subject of your new book?, what's your new book about?

    ǘber Politik/Wörterbücher/Fußball etc reden — to talk (about) politics/dictionaries/football etc

    ǘber jdn/etw lachen — to laugh about or at sb/sth

    sich ǘber etw freuen/ärgern — to be pleased/angry about or at sth

    9) +acc (steigernd) upon

    Fehler ǘber Fehler — mistake upon or after mistake, one mistake after another

    2. adv

    ǘber und ǘber — all over

    er wurde ǘber und ǘber rot — he went red all over

    ich stecke ǘber und ǘber in Schulden — I am up to my ears in debt

    (das) Gewehr ǘber! (Mil) — shoulder arms!

    ǘber sein (inf) — to be better than sb at sth

    * * *
    1) (on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) about
    2) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) above
    3) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) above
    4) (to the other side (of); from one side to the other side of: He took her across the road.) across
    5) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) by
    6) (more than: His salary is in excess of $25,000 a year.) in excess of
    7) (about: a book on the theatre.) on
    8) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) over
    9) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) over
    10) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) over
    11) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) over
    12) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) over
    13) (finished: The affair is over now.) over
    14) (by way of: We went to America via Japan; The news reached me via my aunt.) via
    * * *
    [ˈy:bɐ]
    1. +dat (oberhalb) above
    \über dem Waschbecken befindet sich ein Spiegel there's a mirror above the washbasin
    2. +dat (unmittelbar auf) over
    \über diesem Pullover kannst du keinen roten Mantel tragen you can't wear a red coat over that pullover
    reinige die Flasche \über der Spüle clean the bottle over the sink
    \über der Straße across the street
    4. +akk (höher als) over
    er hängte ein Schild über die Tür he hang a sign over the door
    5. +akk (querend) over
    reichst du mir mal den Kaffee \über den Tisch? can you pass me the coffee across the table?
    die Brücke führt \über den Fluss the bridge goes over [or across] the river
    mit einem Satz sprang er \über den Graben with a single leap he jumped over [or across] [or cleared] the ditch
    6. +akk (sich länger erstreckend: horizontal) beyond; (vertikal) above
    das Schloss ragte \über das Tal empor the castle towered above the valley
    bis \über die Knöchel im Dreck versinken to sink ankle-deep in mud
    7. +akk (erfassend) over
    der Scheinwerferstrahl strich \über die Mauer und den Gefängnishof the spotlight swept over [or across] the wall and the prison courtyard
    ein Blick \über etw a view of [or over] sth
    ein Überblick \über etw an overview of sth
    8. +akk (bedeckend) over
    sie breitete eine Tischdecke \über den Tisch she spread a tablecloth over the table
    9. +akk (berührend) over
    er strich ihr \über das Haar/die Wange he stroked her hair/cheek
    seid ihr auf eurer Tour auch \über München gekommen? did you go through Munich on your trip?
    Zug nach Berlin über Leipzig train to Berlin via [or stopping at] Leipzig
    11. +akk (überlegen, vorrangig) above
    er steht \über den Dingen he is above it all
    12. +akk (zeitlich länger) over
    es ist \über eine Woche her, dass... it's over a week since...
    bis \über Weihnachten until after Christmas
    13. +akk (während) over
    habt ihr \über das Wochenende schon was vor? have you got anything planned for [or over] the weekend?
    \über Wochen for weeks on end
    vergiss \über dem ganzen Ärger aber nicht, dass wir dich lieben don't forget in the midst of all this trouble that we love you
    irgendwie muss ich \über diesem Gedanken wohl eingeschlafen sein I must have somehow fallen asleep [whilst] thinking about it
    sie sitzt \über ihren Büchern she is sitting over her books
    15. +dat (mehr als) over
    Kinder \über sechs [Jahre] children over six years [or of six years and over]
    bei \über 40° C... at a temperature [or temperatures] of more than [or over] 40° C...
    ich gebe Ihnen einen Scheck \über Euro 5.000 I'm giving you a cheque for 5,000 euros
    17. +akk (betreffend) about
    ich darf Ihnen keine Auskunft \über diese Sache geben I can't give you any information about [or on] this affair
    ein Buch \über jdn/etw schreiben to write a book about [or on] sb/sth
    18. +akk (mithilfe von) through
    ich habe diese Stelle \über Beziehungen bekommen I got this position through being well connected
    19. + akk RADIO, TV (etw benutzend) on
    \über Satellit empfange ich 63 Programme I can receive 63 channels via [or on] satellite
    20.
    ▶ ... \über... nothing but...
    es waren Vögel \über Vögel, die über uns hinwegrauschten! [what seemed like] an endless stream of birds flew over us!
    Fehler \über Fehler nothing but mistakes, mistake after [or upon] mistake!
    Reden \über Reden speech after speech
    ▶ \über alles more than anything
    sein Hund geht ihm \über alles he loves his dog more than anything else
    II. adv
    1. (älter als) over
    Kinder, die \über sechs Jahre alt sind,... children over six
    2. (mehr als) more than
    3. (während) through
    das ganze Jahr/den ganzen Sommer \über all through the year/summer
    den ganzen Tag \über all day long
    4.
    ▶ \über und \über all over, completely
    ihr seid \über und \über mit Schlamm verschmiert! you're completely covered [or covered all over] in mud!
    \über und \über verdreckt sein to be absolutely filthy
    III. adj (fam)
    ▪ \über sein to be left; Essen to be left [over]
    etw [für jdn] \über haben to have sth left [for sb]; Essen to have sth left [over] [for sb]
    ▪ jdm [in etw dat] \über sein to be better than [or fam have the edge on] sb [in sth]
    jdm auf einem bestimmten Gebiet \über sein to be better than sb in a certain field
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen — (fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    über…, Über… im adj & subst etc meist over…, hyper…
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen — (fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    präp.
    about prep.
    above prep.
    across prep.
    at prep.
    beyond prep.
    by prep.
    of prep.
    on prep.
    over prep.
    via prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Über

  • 12 soixantaine

    soixantaine [swasɑ̃tεn]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = environ soixante) sixty or so
    • il y avait une soixantaine de personnes/de livres there were sixty or so people/books
       b. ( = soixante unités) sixty
       c. ( = âge) sixty
    • approcher de la/atteindre la soixantaine to near/reach sixty
    • d'une soixantaine d'années [personne] of about sixty ; [arbre] sixty or so years old
    * * *
    swasɑ̃tɛn

    une soixantaine de kilomètres — about sixty kilometres [BrE]

    * * *
    swasɑ̃tɛn nf
    1) (nombre) about sixty, sixty or so

    une soixantaine de — about sixty, sixty or so

    une soixantaine d'années — about sixty years, sixty years or so

    il y a une soixantaine d'années — about sixty years ago, sixty years or so ago

    Elle a une soixantaine d'années. — She's about sixty.

    avoir la soixantaine — to be about sixty, to be sixtyish

    * * *
    soixantaine nf about sixty; ⇒ cinquantaine.
    [swasɑ̃tɛn] nom féminin
    voir aussi link=cinquantaine cinquantaine

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > soixantaine

  • 13 Jahr

    n; -(e)s, -e
    1. Zeitspanne: year; ein halbes Jahr six months; anderthalb Jahre a year and a half, eighteen months; im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003; bis zum 31. Dezember d. J. (= dieses Jahres) until December 31st of this year; Anfang der achtziger Jahre in the early eighties; das ganze Jahr all year; alle Jahre every year; auf Jahre hinaus for years to come; im Lauf der Jahre through ( oder over) the years; in diesem / im nächsten Jahr this / next year; mit den Jahren with (the) years; nach Jahren after (many) years; nach Jahr und Tag after a very long time, (many) years later; seit Jahr und Tag for a long time, for many years; heute vor einem Jahr a year ago today; von Jahr zu Jahr from year to year; weitS. as the years go by; Jahr für Jahr year after year
    2. Alter: mit oder im Alter von 20 Jahren at the age of twenty; in den besten Jahren sein be in the prime of life; in die Jahre kommen be getting on (a bit), be getting a bit long in the tooth hum., Am. be getting up there; seine Jahre spüren feel one’s age; ( noch) jung an Jahren sein be (still) young ( oder in one’s youth); mit den Jahren lernt man das over the years, as the years go by; seine Jahre voll haben be able to retire (having contributed to pension fund for the necessary number of years), have reached retirement (age); Buckel 2
    * * *
    das Jahr
    year
    * * *
    [jaːɐ]
    nt -(e)s, -e
    1) year

    ein halbes Jáhr — six months sing or pl

    ein drei viertel Jáhr — nine months sing or pl

    anderthalb Jáhre — one and a half years sing, eighteen months sing or pl

    zwei Jáhre Garantie — a two-year guarantee

    im Jáhr(e) 1066 — in( the year) 1066

    die sechziger Jáhre — the sixties sing or pl

    alle Jáhre — every year

    alle zehn Jáhre — every ten years

    alle Jáhre wieder — year after year

    ein Jáhr ums andere — year after year

    auf Jáhre hinaus — for years ahead

    auf Jáhr und Tag — to the very day

    einmal im Jáhr(e) — once a year

    das ganze Jáhr über — all year (round or through)

    pro Jáhr — a year, per annum

    das Buch des Jáhres — the book of the year

    noch nach Jáhren — years later

    nach Jáhr und Tag — after (many) years

    vor Jáhr und Tag — (many) years ago

    seit Jáhr und Tag — for years

    mit den Jáhren — as( the) years go by, over the years

    zwischen den Jáhren (inf) — between Christmas and New Year

    (freiwilliges) soziales/ökologisches Jáhr — year of voluntary work in the social services/environmental sector

    2)

    (= Alter, Lebensjahr) er ist zehn Jáhre (alt) — he is ten years old

    mit dreißig Jáhren — at the age of thirty

    Personen über 18 Jáhre/unter 18 Jáhren — people over/under (the age of) 18

    in die Jáhre kommen (inf) — to be getting on (in years)

    man sieht ihm seine Jáhre nicht an — his age doesn't show

    in den besten Jáhren sein or stehen — to be in the prime of one's life

    mit den Jáhren — as one gets older

    * * *
    das
    1) (the period of time the earth takes to go once round the sun, about 365 days: We lived here for five years, from November 1968 to November 1973; a two-year delay.) year
    2) (the period from January 1 to December 31, being 365 days, except in a leap year, when it is 366 days: in the year 1945.) year
    * * *
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [ˈja:ɐ̯]
    nt
    1. (Zeitraum von 12 Monaten) year
    die 20er-/30er-\Jahre etc. the twenties/thirties etc. + sing/pl vb
    anderthalb \Jahre a year and a half
    ein dreiviertel \Jahr nine months
    ein halbes \Jahr six months, half a year
    das ganze \Jahr über throughout the whole year
    ein viertel \Jahr three months
    letztes [o im letzten] \Jahr last year
    nächstes [o im nächsten] \Jahr next year
    das neue \Jahr the new year
    alles Gute zu Weihnachten und viel Glück im neuen \Jahr! merry Christmas and a happy new year
    \Jahr für [o um] \Jahr year after year
    noch früh im \Jahr sein to be at the beginning of the year
    im \Jahre... in [the year]...
    ... im [o pro] \Jahr... a year
    ich gehe zweimal im \Jahr zum Arzt I go to the doctor's twice a year
    in diesem/im nächsten \Jahr this/next year
    in einem \Jahr/in... \Jahren in a year/in... years
    mit den \Jahren as the years go by, over the years
    mit... \Jahren at... [years of age]
    nach einem \Jahr after a year
    nach \Jahren for years
    vor einem \Jahr a year ago
    vor [...] \Jahren [...] years ago
    alle... \Jahre every... years
    alle hundert \Jahre ändert sich das Klima the climate changes every hundred years
    alle \Jahre wieder every year
    der/die/das... des \Jahres the... of the year
    dieser Bestseller wurde zum Buch des \Jahres gekürt this bestseller was chosen as book of the year
    auf \Jahre hinaus for years to come
    2. (Lebensjahre)... [years old]
    ... \Jahre jung sein (hum)... years young hum
    sie ist 80 \Jahre jung she's 80 years young
    3.
    ▶ in den besten \Jahren [sein] [to be] in one's prime
    ▶ im \Jahre des Heils (veraltet) in the year of grace old
    ▶ im \Jahre des Herrn anno domini, in the year of our Lord
    ▶ in die \Jahre kommen (euph fam) to be getting on [in years]
    ▶ nach/seit \Jahr und Tag (geh) after/for many years
    ▶ das verflixte siebte \Jahr (fam) the seven-year itch
    * * *
    das; Jahr[e]s, Jahre
    1) year

    anderthalb Jahre — eighteen months; a year and a half

    im Jahr[e] 1908 — in [the year] 1908

    jedes zweite Jahr — [once] every two years

    lange Jahre [hindurch] — for many years

    Jahr für od. um Jahr — year after year

    von Jahr zu Jahr — from one year to the next; from year to year

    vor Jahr und Tag — (mit Präteritum) many years ago; (mit Plusquamperfekt) many years before

    2) (LebensJahr) year

    er ist zwanzig Jahre [alt] — he is twenty years old or of age

    Kinder bis zu zwölf Jahren — children up to the age of twelve or up to twelve years of age

    alle Männer zwischen 18 und 45 Jahren — all men between the ages of 18 and 45

    mit 65 Jahren od. im Alter von 65 Jahren — at the age of 65

    das hat er schon in jungen Jahren gelernt — he learned that at an early age or while he was still young

    mit den Jahren — as he/she etc. grows/grew older

    * * *
    Jahr n; -(e)s, -e
    1. Zeitspanne: year;
    ein halbes Jahr six months;
    anderthalb Jahre a year and a half, eighteen months;
    im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003;
    bis zum 31. Dezember d. J. (=
    dieses Jahres) until December 31st of this year;
    Anfang der achtziger Jahre in the early eighties;
    das ganze Jahr all year;
    alle Jahre every year;
    auf Jahre hinaus for years to come;
    im Lauf der Jahre through ( oder over) the years;
    in diesem/im nächsten Jahr this/next year;
    mit den Jahren with (the) years;
    nach Jahren after (many) years;
    nach Jahr und Tag after a very long time, (many) years later;
    seit Jahr und Tag for a long time, for many years;
    heute vor einem Jahr a year ago today;
    von Jahr zu Jahr from year to year; weitS. as the years go by;
    Jahr für Jahr year after year
    2. Alter:
    im Alter von 20 Jahren at the age of twenty;
    in den besten Jahren sein be in the prime of life;
    in die Jahre kommen be getting on (a bit), be getting a bit long in the tooth hum, US be getting up there;
    seine Jahre spüren feel one’s age;
    (noch) jung an Jahren sein be (still) young ( oder in one’s youth);
    mit den Jahren lernt man das over the years, as the years go by;
    seine Jahre vollhaben be able to retire (having contributed to pension fund for the necessary number of years), have reached retirement (age); → Buckel 2
    * * *
    das; Jahr[e]s, Jahre
    1) year

    anderthalb Jahre — eighteen months; a year and a half

    im Jahr[e] 1908 — in [the year] 1908

    jedes zweite Jahr — [once] every two years

    lange Jahre [hindurch] — for many years

    Jahr für od. um Jahr — year after year

    von Jahr zu Jahr — from one year to the next; from year to year

    vor Jahr und Tag — (mit Präteritum) many years ago; (mit Plusquamperfekt) many years before

    2) (LebensJahr) year

    er ist zwanzig Jahre [alt] — he is twenty years old or of age

    mit 65 Jahren od. im Alter von 65 Jahren — at the age of 65

    mit den Jahren — as he/she etc. grows/grew older

    * * *
    -e n.
    year n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Jahr

  • 14 cincuenta

    adj.
    1 fifty.
    2 fiftieth.
    f. & m.
    fifty.
    los (años) cincuenta the fifties;
    * * *
    1 (cardinal) fifty; (ordinal) fiftieth
    1 (número) fifty Table 1 NOTA See also seis/Table 1
    * * *
    noun m. adj.
    * * *
    ADJ INV PRON SM [gen] fifty; [ordinal] fiftieth
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre fifty

    los (años) cincuenta or la década de los cincuenta — the fifties

    cincuenta y tantos/pico — fifty-odd, fifty something

    el número/la página cincuenta — number/page fifty

    II
    masculino (number) fifty
    * * *
    = fifty.
    Ex. The shelflist itself had problems, since it consisted of cataloging practices that spanned some fifty years.
    ----
    * edad entre los cuarenta y cincuenta = middle-age.
    * los años cincuenta = fifties.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre fifty

    los (años) cincuenta or la década de los cincuenta — the fifties

    cincuenta y tantos/pico — fifty-odd, fifty something

    el número/la página cincuenta — number/page fifty

    II
    masculino (number) fifty
    * * *

    Ex: The shelflist itself had problems, since it consisted of cataloging practices that spanned some fifty years.

    * edad entre los cuarenta y cincuenta = middle-age.
    * los años cincuenta = fifties.

    * * *
    adj inv/pron
    en los (años) cincuenta in the fifties
    tiene unos cincuenta años she's about 50 years old
    cincuenta y tantos/pico fifty-odd, fifty something
    había unas cincuenta personas there were about 50 people there
    cincuenta y cinco fifty-five
    ciento cincuenta a hundred and fifty
    el número/la página cincuenta number/page fifty
    el cincuenta aniversario de su muerte the fiftieth anniversary of his death
    fifty, number fifty
    * * *

    cincuenta adj inv/m/pron
    fifty;
    los (años) cincuenta or la década de los cincuenta the fifties;

    cincuenta y tantos/pico fifty-odd, fifty something;
    la página cincuenta page fifty;
    el cincuenta aniversario the fiftieth anniversary
    cincuenta adjetivo & sustantivo masculino fifty

    ' cincuenta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - acontecer
    - acoquinar
    - ahí
    - andar
    - dar
    - declive
    - ser
    - hacer
    - tanta
    - tanto
    - ver
    - como
    - cuarenta
    - ir
    - noventa
    - ochenta
    - sesenta
    - setenta
    - treinta
    - veinte
    English:
    A
    - about
    - anniversary
    - do
    - fifty
    - foundation
    - mid
    - price
    - sting
    - thereabout
    - thereabouts
    - voter
    - late
    * * *
    cincuenta núm
    fifty;
    los (años) cincuenta the fifties;
    ver también treinta
    * * *
    adj fifty
    * * *
    cincuenta adj & nm
    : fifty
    * * *
    cincuenta num fifty

    Spanish-English dictionary > cincuenta

  • 15 AT

    I) prep.
    A. with dative.
    I. Of motion;
    1) towards, against;
    Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
    hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
    Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
    þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
    3) to, at;
    koma at landi, to come to land;
    ganga at dómi, to go into court;
    4) along (= eptir);
    ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
    dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
    refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
    5) denoting hostility;
    renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
    gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
    6) around;
    vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
    bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
    7) denoting business, engagement;
    ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
    fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
    II. Of position, &c.;
    1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
    at kirkju, at church;
    at dómi, in court;
    at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;
    2) denoting participation in;
    vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;
    3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;
    kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;
    var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;
    4) with proper names of places (farms);
    konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;
    biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;
    at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;
    5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;
    at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;
    at Marðar, at Mara’s home;
    at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;
    at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).
    III. Of time;
    1) at, in;
    at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;
    at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;
    at páskum, at Easter;
    at kveldi, at eventide;
    at fjöru, at the ebb;
    at flœðum, at the floodtide;
    2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;
    at ári komanda, next year;
    at vári, er kemr, next spring;
    generally with ‘komanda’ understood;
    at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;
    3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;
    at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;
    at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;
    at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;
    at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;
    at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;
    at honum önduðum, after his death;
    4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;
    hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;
    skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;
    at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.
    IV. fig. and in various uses;
    1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;
    brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;
    verða at ormi, to become a snake;
    2) for, as;
    gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;
    eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;
    3) by;
    taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;
    draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;
    kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;
    auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;
    vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;
    5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;
    ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;
    6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;
    faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);
    aðili at sök = aðili sakar;
    7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;
    hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;
    mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;
    tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;
    kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;
    8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;
    Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);
    þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;
    hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;
    9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);
    at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;
    at landslögum, by the law of the land;
    at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;
    10) in adverbial phrases;
    gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;
    bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;
    at fullu, fully;
    at vísu, surely;
    at frjálsu, freely;
    at eilífu, for ever and ever;
    at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;
    at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;
    at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.
    B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);
    sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;
    at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;
    connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;
    at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.
    1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;
    at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;
    2) in an objective sense;
    hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;
    gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;
    3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).
    1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;
    hón grét at meir, she wept the more;
    þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;
    þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;
    2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);
    þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;
    sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.
    conj., that;
    1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;
    þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;
    vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;
    2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;
    svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;
    3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);
    4) since, because, as (= því at);
    5) connected with þó, því, svá;
    þó at (with subj.), though, although;
    því at, because, for;
    svá at, so that;
    6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;
    þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;
    þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;
    áðr at (= á. en), before;
    7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;
    Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;
    in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.
    V)
    negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.
    odda at, Yggs at, battle.
    * * *
    1.
    and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
    Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.
    WITH DAT.
    A. LOC.
    I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:
    1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.
    2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.
    3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)
    4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.
    5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.
    β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.
    6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
    β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.
    γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
    7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.
    β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.
    8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.
    β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.
    II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.
    2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.
    3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:
    α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.
    β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.
    γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.
    4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.
    5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.
    6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.
    β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.
    γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.
    7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.
    B. TEMP.
    I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.
    II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.
    β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.
    III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:
    1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,
    2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.
    IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:
    1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.
    2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
    3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.
    V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.
    2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
    C. METAPH. and in various cases:
    I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:
    α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.
    β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.
    II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.
    2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.
    III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.
    IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.
    2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)
    3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.
    4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.
    5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.
    6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.
    β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.
    V. denoting the source of a thing:
    1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.
    2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.
    VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.
    VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.
    VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.
    β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.
    IX. following many words:
    1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.
    β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …
    γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
    δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.
    2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.
    3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.
    WITH ACC.
    TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.
    ☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
    2.
    and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.
    I. it is used either,
    1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
    2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.
    β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).
    3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.
    II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:
    α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.
    β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.
    γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.
    δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.
    ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.
    ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.
    η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.
    θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.
    3.
    and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.
    I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.
    II. it is used,
    1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.
    2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.
    β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.
    γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.
    III. used in connection with conjunctions,
    1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.
    α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.
    β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.
    γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
    2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.
    IV. as a relat. conj.:
    1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.
    2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.
    V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.
    4.
    and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
    5.
    n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.
    β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
    6.
    the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT

  • 16 madurez

    f.
    1 ripeness.
    2 adulthood.
    3 maturity.
    * * *
    1 (de la persona) maturity
    2 (de la fruta) ripeness
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de fruta] ripeness
    2) [de carácter, edad] maturity
    * * *
    1) ( de una fruta) ripeness
    a) ( cualidad) maturity
    b) (edad, período) maturity
    * * *
    = middle-age, maturity, mid-life [midlife], manhood.
    Ex. I like the confidence that middle-age brings.
    Ex. Maturity brings a dislike of highly colored representation of things and a preference for keen and satirical observation over the merely fanciful.
    Ex. This article reviews feminist periodicals about midlife and aging women = Este artículo analiza las publicaciones periódicas feministas sobre la madurez y la vejez en la mujer.
    Ex. This article describes the exploration of Japanese boyhood, manhood and masculine values contained in Kazumi Yumoto's novel 'The Friends'.
    ----
    * alcanzar la madurez = come to + maturity, bring to + maturity, achieve + maturity, reach + maturity.
    * con madurez = maturely.
    * durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.
    * * *
    1) ( de una fruta) ripeness
    a) ( cualidad) maturity
    b) (edad, período) maturity
    * * *
    = middle-age, maturity, mid-life [midlife], manhood.

    Ex: I like the confidence that middle-age brings.

    Ex: Maturity brings a dislike of highly colored representation of things and a preference for keen and satirical observation over the merely fanciful.
    Ex: This article reviews feminist periodicals about midlife and aging women = Este artículo analiza las publicaciones periódicas feministas sobre la madurez y la vejez en la mujer.
    Ex: This article describes the exploration of Japanese boyhood, manhood and masculine values contained in Kazumi Yumoto's novel 'The Friends'.
    * alcanzar la madurez = come to + maturity, bring to + maturity, achieve + maturity, reach + maturity.
    * con madurez = maturely.
    * durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.

    * * *
    A (de una fruta) ripeness
    1 (cualidad) maturity
    2 (edad, período) maturity
    al llegar a la madurez on reaching maturity
    como autor tuvo una madurez prolífica as an author he was prolific in his later years
    * * *

     

    madurez sustantivo femenino


    madurez sustantivo femenino
    1 (de una persona) maturity
    2 (de una fruta) ripeness
    ' madurez' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sazón
    - asentar
    - desfase
    - muestra
    English:
    authoritarian
    - manhood
    - maturity
    - middle age
    * * *
    1. [de fruto] ripeness
    2. [de persona] [sensatez, juicio] maturity
    3. [edad adulta] adulthood;
    a los veinte años había alcanzado ya la madurez artística by the age of twenty she had already matured o grown up as an artist
    * * *
    f
    1 mental maturity
    2 edad middle age
    3 de fruta ripeness
    * * *
    madurez nf, pl - reces
    1) : maturity
    2) : ripeness

    Spanish-English dictionary > madurez

  • 17 contar

    v.
    1 to count.
    se pueden contar con los dedos de una mano you can count them on (the fingers of) one hand
    Pedro cuenta los goles Peter counts the goals.
    El aseo cuenta como algo importante Hygiene counts as something important.
    2 to count.
    cuenta también los gastos de desplazamiento count o include travel costs too
    somos 57 sin contar a los niños there are 57 of us, not counting the children
    3 to count.
    sabe contar hasta diez she can count to ten
    4 to count.
    aquí no cuento para nada I count for nothing here
    lo que cuenta es… what matters is…
    5 to tell.
    cuéntame, ¿cómo te va la vida? tell me, how are things?
    Ricardo le cuenta historias al grupo Richard tells the group stories.
    Le conté I told him [her].
    6 to consider, to repute, to judge.
    María cuenta su actitud Mary considers his attitude.
    * * *
    (o changes to ue in stressed syllables)
    Present Indicative
    cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, contáis, cuentan.
    Present Subjunctive
    cuente, cuentes, cuente, contemos, contéis, cuenten.
    Imperative
    cuenta (tú), cuente (él/Vd.), contemos (nos.), contad (vos.), cuenten (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    2) tell
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=calcular) [+ objetos, números, puntos] to count; [+ dinero] to count, count up
    2) (=relatar) to tell

    ¿qué les voy a contar que ustedes no sepan? — what can I tell you that you don't already know?

    el paro está peor y la corrupción, ¿qué le voy a contar? — unemployment has got worse and as for corruption, what can I say?

    si pierdo el trabajo, ya me contarás de qué vamos a vivir — you tell me what we'll live on if I lose my job

    ¿y a mí qué me cuentas? — so what?

    ¡a mi me lo vas a contar! — you're telling me! *, tell me about it! *

    se cuenta que... — it is said that...

    - ¡una obra que ni te cuento!
    3) (=tener la edad de)
    4) (=incluir) to count

    seis en total, sin contarme a mí — six altogether, not counting me

    1.500 sin contar las propinas — 1,500, excluding tips, 1,500, not counting tips

    5) (=tener en cuenta) to remember, bear in mind

    cuenta que es más fuerte que tú — remember o don't forget he's stronger than you are

    2. VI
    1) (Mat) to count

    hay dos sillas, una mesa y para ya de contar — there are two chairs, a table, and that's it

    2) (=relatar) to tell

    ojalá tengas suerte con la entrevista de trabajo, ya me contarás — I hope the job interview goes well, I look forward to hearing all about it

    - cuenta y no acaba de hablar
    3) (=importar, valer) to count

    • contar por dos, los domingos una hora cuenta por dos — on Sundays one hour counts as two

    4)

    • contar con —

    a) (=confiar en) to count on

    cuenta conmigo — you can rely o count on me

    b) (=tener presente)

    cuenta con que es más fuerte que tú — bear in mind o remember he's stronger than you are

    sin contar con que... — leaving aside the fact that...

    c) (=incluir) to count in

    lo siento, pero para eso no cuentes conmigo — I'm sorry but you can count me out of that

    no contéis con nosotros para el viernes, estaremos ocupados — don't expect us on Friday, we'll be busy

    d) (=tener) to have
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <dinero/votos/dís> to count
    2)
    a) ( incluir) to count
    b) ( tener)

    contaba ya veinte años — (frml o liter) she was then twenty years old

    3) <cuento/chiste/secreto> to tell

    a mí me lo vas a contar! — (fam) you're telling me!

    ¿y a a mí qué me cuentas? — what's that to do with me?

    ¿qué cuentas (de nuevo)? — (fam) how're things? (colloq)

    cuenta la leyenda que... — the story goes that...

    2.
    contar vi
    1) (Mat) to count

    hay cuatro tiendas... y para de contar — there are four stores and that's it

    2) (importar, valer) to count

    ¿este trabajo cuenta para la nota final? — does this piece of work count toward(s) the final grade?

    ella no cuenta para nada — what she says (o thinks etc) doesn't count for anything

    <persona/ayuda/discreción> to count on, rely on

    cuento contigo para la fiesta — I'm counting o relying on you being at the party

    yo me opongo, así es que no cuentes conmigo — I'm against it, so you can count me out

    eso contando con que... — assuming that...

    sin contar con que... — without taking into account that...

    4) ( prever) to expect
    5) (frml) ( tener) to have
    3.
    contarse v pron
    a) (frml) ( estar incluido)

    contarse entre algo: se cuenta entre los pocos que tienen acceso she is numbered among the few who have access (frml); me cuento entre sus partidarios I count myself as one of their supporters; su nombre se cuenta entre los finalistas her name figures o appears among the finalists; su novela se cuenta entre las mejores — his novel is among the best

    b)

    ¿qué te cuentas? — how's it going? (colloq)

    * * *
    = count, relate, tally, count, tell out into, narrate, number, count out, hip.
    Ex. To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex. This article relates what happened to the records of the German era after the colony became a mandate under the British administration and after the attainment of independence.
    Ex. The statistic programs have been designed to make it possible to extract, tally, and print statistical information from the journal.
    Ex. People must be made to feel that they and their ideas count.
    Ex. The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.
    Ex. The inmates satisfied their need for reading by smuggling in Polish books, or else narrating stories from memory.
    Ex. I would therefore like to give a blanket thankyou to everyone who has talked or written to me in my research and they must now number thousands rather than hundreds.
    Ex. At midnight, one pirate arose, opened the chest, and counted out the gold pieces into five even piles.
    Ex. He was aghast after having been hipped to the fact there are hookers on the Internet.
    ----
    * contando = counting.
    * contar Algo a Alguien = let + Nombre + in on.
    * contar chismes de Alguien = tell + tales out of school about + Alguien.
    * contar con = hold, count on, have at + Posesivo + disposal, bank on, set + your watch by.
    * contar con Alguien = count + Pronombre + in.
    * contar con apoyo para = have + support for.
    * contar con el apoyo de Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * contar con el apoyo necesario para = have + the power behind to.
    * contar con el visto bueno = meet with + approval.
    * contar con la aprobación = meet with + approval.
    * contar con la colaboración de = enjoy + cooperation with.
    * contar con la cooperación de = enjoy + cooperation with.
    * contar con + Posesivo + aprobación = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * contar con + Posesivo + visto bueno = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * contar de = tell of.
    * contar dinero = count + money.
    * contar en confianza = confide.
    * contar experiencias = tell + tales.
    * contar historias = tell + tales.
    * contar la experiencia = relate + experience, recount + experience.
    * contar las ideas a Alguien = run + ideas + past + Pronombre.
    * contarle las penas a Alguien = sob + Posesivo + heart out to.
    * contar para nada = count + for nothing.
    * contar + Posesivo + propia vida y milagros = spill + Posesivo + guts.
    * contar todo sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * contar una anécdota = tell + story.
    * contar una historia = spin + a yarn, weave + a tale, narrate + story, weave + story.
    * contar un cuento = tell + story.
    * cuenta la leyenda que = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * dinero contante y sonante = readies, the ready.
    * entre ellos contamos con los siguientes = numbered amongst these are.
    * no contar = be out of the picture.
    * no contar con = leave + Nombre + out of the picture, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * no contar con la aprobación = frown on/upon.
    * poder contar con = be there for + Pronombre.
    * que se cuentan por millones = numbered in millions.
    * según cuenta la leyenda = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * sin contar = not including, excluding.
    * sin contar con = in the absence of.
    * visión contada por una persona de adentro = insider's look, insider's perspective.
    * volver a contar = recount, retell.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <dinero/votos/dís> to count
    2)
    a) ( incluir) to count
    b) ( tener)

    contaba ya veinte años — (frml o liter) she was then twenty years old

    3) <cuento/chiste/secreto> to tell

    a mí me lo vas a contar! — (fam) you're telling me!

    ¿y a a mí qué me cuentas? — what's that to do with me?

    ¿qué cuentas (de nuevo)? — (fam) how're things? (colloq)

    cuenta la leyenda que... — the story goes that...

    2.
    contar vi
    1) (Mat) to count

    hay cuatro tiendas... y para de contar — there are four stores and that's it

    2) (importar, valer) to count

    ¿este trabajo cuenta para la nota final? — does this piece of work count toward(s) the final grade?

    ella no cuenta para nada — what she says (o thinks etc) doesn't count for anything

    <persona/ayuda/discreción> to count on, rely on

    cuento contigo para la fiesta — I'm counting o relying on you being at the party

    yo me opongo, así es que no cuentes conmigo — I'm against it, so you can count me out

    eso contando con que... — assuming that...

    sin contar con que... — without taking into account that...

    4) ( prever) to expect
    5) (frml) ( tener) to have
    3.
    contarse v pron
    a) (frml) ( estar incluido)

    contarse entre algo: se cuenta entre los pocos que tienen acceso she is numbered among the few who have access (frml); me cuento entre sus partidarios I count myself as one of their supporters; su nombre se cuenta entre los finalistas her name figures o appears among the finalists; su novela se cuenta entre las mejores — his novel is among the best

    b)

    ¿qué te cuentas? — how's it going? (colloq)

    * * *
    = count, relate, tally, count, tell out into, narrate, number, count out, hip.

    Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.

    Ex: This article relates what happened to the records of the German era after the colony became a mandate under the British administration and after the attainment of independence.
    Ex: The statistic programs have been designed to make it possible to extract, tally, and print statistical information from the journal.
    Ex: People must be made to feel that they and their ideas count.
    Ex: The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.
    Ex: The inmates satisfied their need for reading by smuggling in Polish books, or else narrating stories from memory.
    Ex: I would therefore like to give a blanket thankyou to everyone who has talked or written to me in my research and they must now number thousands rather than hundreds.
    Ex: At midnight, one pirate arose, opened the chest, and counted out the gold pieces into five even piles.
    Ex: He was aghast after having been hipped to the fact there are hookers on the Internet.
    * contando = counting.
    * contar Algo a Alguien = let + Nombre + in on.
    * contar chismes de Alguien = tell + tales out of school about + Alguien.
    * contar con = hold, count on, have at + Posesivo + disposal, bank on, set + your watch by.
    * contar con Alguien = count + Pronombre + in.
    * contar con apoyo para = have + support for.
    * contar con el apoyo de Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * contar con el apoyo necesario para = have + the power behind to.
    * contar con el visto bueno = meet with + approval.
    * contar con la aprobación = meet with + approval.
    * contar con la colaboración de = enjoy + cooperation with.
    * contar con la cooperación de = enjoy + cooperation with.
    * contar con + Posesivo + aprobación = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * contar con + Posesivo + visto bueno = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * contar de = tell of.
    * contar dinero = count + money.
    * contar en confianza = confide.
    * contar experiencias = tell + tales.
    * contar historias = tell + tales.
    * contar la experiencia = relate + experience, recount + experience.
    * contar las ideas a Alguien = run + ideas + past + Pronombre.
    * contarle las penas a Alguien = sob + Posesivo + heart out to.
    * contar para nada = count + for nothing.
    * contar + Posesivo + propia vida y milagros = spill + Posesivo + guts.
    * contar todo sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * contar una anécdota = tell + story.
    * contar una historia = spin + a yarn, weave + a tale, narrate + story, weave + story.
    * contar un cuento = tell + story.
    * cuenta la leyenda que = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * dinero contante y sonante = readies, the ready.
    * entre ellos contamos con los siguientes = numbered amongst these are.
    * no contar = be out of the picture.
    * no contar con = leave + Nombre + out of the picture, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * no contar con la aprobación = frown on/upon.
    * poder contar con = be there for + Pronombre.
    * que se cuentan por millones = numbered in millions.
    * según cuenta la leyenda = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * sin contar = not including, excluding.
    * sin contar con = in the absence of.
    * visión contada por una persona de adentro = insider's look, insider's perspective.
    * volver a contar = recount, retell.

    * * *
    contar [ A10 ]
    vt
    A ‹dinero/votos› to count
    15 días a contar desde la fecha de notificación 15 days starting from the date of notification
    está contando los días que faltan para que llegues he's counting the days until you arrive
    B
    1 (incluir) to count
    a mí no me cuentes entre sus partidarios don't include me among his supporters
    lo cuento entre mis mejores amigos I consider him (to be) one of my best friends
    sin contar al profesor somos 22 there are 22 of us, not counting the teacher
    y eso sin contar las horas extras and that's without taking overtime into account o without including overtime
    2
    (llevar): contaba ya veinte años ( frml o liter); she was then twenty years old
    la asociación cuenta ya medio siglo de vida ( frml); the association has now been in existence for half a century ( frml)
    Sentido II ‹cuento/chiste/secreto› to tell
    no se lo cuentes a nadie don't tell anyone
    cuéntame qué es de tu vida tell me what you've been doing o ( colloq) what you've been up to
    ¡y a mí me lo vas a contar! ( fam); you're telling me! o don't I know! o tell me about it! ( colloq)
    abuelito, cuéntame un cuento grandpa, tell me a story
    ¡cuéntaselo a tu abuela! ( fam); go tell it to the marines! ( AmE colloq), come off it! ( BrE colloq)
    ¿qué cuentas (de nuevo)? ( fam); how're things? ( colloq), what's up? ( AmE colloq)
    ■ contar
    vi
    A
    1 ( Mat) to count
    cuenta de diez en diez count in tens
    cuenta hasta 20 count (up) to 20
    cuatro tiendas, dos bares … y para de contar four stores, two bars and that's it
    2 (importar, valer) to count
    para él lo único que cuenta es el dinero for him the only thing that counts is money o the only thing that matters to him is money
    ¿este trabajo cuenta para la nota final? does this piece of work count toward(s) the final grade?
    este ejercicio cuenta por dos porque es muy largo this exercise counts as two because it's very long
    a efectos impositivos, estos ingresos no cuentan this does not count as taxable income
    lo que cuenta es el gesto it's the thought that counts
    1 ‹persona/ayuda/discreción› to count on, rely on
    ¿puedo contar con tu colaboración? can I count on your help?
    cuento contigo para la fiesta I'm counting o relying on you being at the party
    no cuentes conmigo para mañana, tengo una cita con el médico don't expect me there tomorrow, I've got a doctor's appointment
    yo me opongo, así es que no cuentes conmigo I'm against it, so you can count me out
    2 (prever) to expect
    no contaba con que hiciera tan mal tiempo I wasn't expecting the weather to be so bad, I hadn't bargained for o allowed for such bad weather
    no habíamos contado con este contratiempo we hadn't expected o anticipated o ( colloq) we hadn't reckoned on this setback
    3 ( frml) (tener) to have
    el hotel cuenta con piscina, gimnasio y sauna the hotel has o is equipped with o offers o boasts a swimming pool, gym and sauna
    no contamos con los elementos de juicio necesarios we do not have o possess the necessary knowledge
    los sindicatos contarán con representación en este organismo the unions will be represented in this organization
    1 ( frml) (estar incluido) contarse ENTRE algo:
    se cuenta entre los pocos que tienen acceso she is numbered among the few who have access ( frml), she is one of the few people who have access
    sus partidarios, entre quienes me cuento their supporters, and I count myself as one of them o ( frml) their supporters, and I number myself among them
    su nombre se cuenta entre los finalistas her name figures o appears among the finalists
    su novela se cuenta entre las mejores del año his novel is among o is numbered among the year's best
    2
    ¿qué te cuentas? how's it going? ( colloq), how's things? ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    contar ( conjugate contar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹dinero/votos/días› to count;

    y eso sin contar las horas extras and that's without including overtime;
    lo cuento entre mis amigos I consider him (to be) one of my friends
    2 ‹cuento/chiste/secreto› to tell;

    es muy largo de contar it's a long story;
    ¿qué cuentas (de nuevo)? (fam) how're things? (colloq)
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to count;

    ¿este trabajo cuenta para la nota final? does this piece of work count toward(s) the final grade?;
    ella no cuenta para nada what she says (o thinks etc) doesn't count for anything
    2

    a) ‹persona/ayuda/discreción› to count on, rely on;

    ◊ cuento contigo para la fiesta I'm counting o relying on you being at the party;

    sin contar con que … without taking into account that …


    c) (frml) ( tener) to have;


    contarse verbo pronominal
    a) (frml) ( estar incluido):


    su novela se cuenta entre las mejores his novel is among the best
    b)

    ◊ ¿qué te cuentas? how's it going? (colloq)

    contar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un suceso, una historia) to tell
    2 (numerar) to count
    II verbo intransitivo to count
    ♦ Locuciones: contar con, (confiar en) to count on
    (constar de) to have
    ' contar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acostumbrar
    - cacarear
    - confiar
    - cotillear
    - cuento
    - dada
    - dado
    - desahogarse
    - guión
    - lisamente
    - película
    - referir
    - sin
    - bola
    - chisme
    - chiste
    - contabilizar
    - esperar
    - largo
    - narración
    - platicar
    English:
    allow for
    - bank on
    - bargain for
    - bargain on
    - count
    - count on
    - count out
    - crack
    - depend
    - expect
    - fib
    - figure on
    - foresee
    - joke
    - miscount
    - narrate
    - number
    - plan on
    - put
    - reckon
    - reckon on
    - recount
    - rely
    - repeat
    - report
    - retell
    - secret
    - spin
    - story
    - tell
    - untold
    - bank
    - boast
    - command
    - figure
    - gossip
    - plan
    - re-count
    - tale
    - to
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [enumerar] to count;
    contaron doscientos manifestantes en la marcha del domingo the number of demonstrators at Sunday's march was estimated at two hundred;
    se pueden contar con los dedos de una mano you can count them on (the fingers of) one hand
    2. [incluir] to count;
    cuenta también los gastos de desplazamiento count o include travel costs too;
    somos cincuenta y siete sin contar a los niños there are fifty-seven of us, not counting the children;
    la economía, sin contar el desempleo, parece recuperarse the economy, with the exception of the unemployment situation, seems to be recovering
    3. [narrar] to tell;
    no me cuentes el final don't tell me what happens;
    ya me contarás qué tal te va por la capital let me know how you get on in the capital;
    me han contado maravillas sobre ese restaurante I've heard great things about that restaurant;
    Fam
    ¿qué cuentas? how are you doing?;
    ¿qué me cuentas? ¡no me lo puedo creer! never! I can't believe it!;
    Fam
    cuéntame, ¿cómo te va la vida? tell me, how are things?;
    Irónico
    ¿me lo cuentas a mí? you're telling me!;
    Fam
    ¡cuéntaselo a tu abuela! pull the other one!, come off it!;
    Fam
    no me cuentes tu vida I don't want to hear your life story
    4. [tener una cantidad de]
    la población contaba mil habitantes the village had a thousand inhabitants;
    cuenta ya diez años she's ten years old now;
    el equipo cuenta ya dos victorias the team has already achieved two wins, the team already has two wins under its belt
    5. [considerar]
    a él lo cuento como uno más del grupo I consider o see him as just another member of the group;
    te contaba como una persona seria I thought you were a serious person;
    cuenta que la próxima semana estoy de vacaciones remember that I'm on holiday next week
    ♦ vi
    1. [hacer cálculos] to count;
    sabe contar hasta diez she can count to ten;
    contar con los dedos to count on one's fingers;
    un perro, dos gatos y para de contar a dog, two cats and that's it
    2. [importar] to count;
    lo que cuenta es que te pongas bien the important thing is for you to get better, what matters is for you to get better;
    en esta casa no cuento para nada I count for nothing in this household;
    para él lo único que cuenta es ganar dinero the only thing that matters to him is making money;
    los dos peores resultados no cuentan para el resultado final the worst two scores aren't taken into account when calculating the final total;
    es tan fuerte que cuenta por dos he has the strength of two men
    3.
    contar con [confiar en] to count on, to rely on;
    es un buen amigo, siempre se puede contar con él he's a good friend, you can count on o rely on him;
    ¡no cuentes con ellos! don't count on o rely on them!;
    no cuentes conmigo, no voy a venir don't expect me, I won't be coming;
    cuenta con ello, estaré allí para ayudarte I'll be there to help you, you can count on it, rest assured, I'll be there to help you
    4.
    contar con [tener, poseer] to have;
    cuenta con dos horas para hacerlo she has two hours to do it;
    las minorías contarán con representación en el nuevo parlamento minority parties will be represented in the new parliament
    5.
    contar con [tener en cuenta] to take into account;
    con esto no contaba I hadn't reckoned with that;
    no contaban con que se acabara la cerveza tan rápidamente they hadn't expected the beer to run out so quickly
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 count
    2 ( narrar) tell;
    ¡a quién se lo vas a contar!, ¡me lo vas a contar a mí! you’re telling me!;
    ¿qué (me) cuentas? what’s new?
    II v/i
    1 count
    2
    :
    contar con count on
    * * *
    contar {19} vt
    1) : to count
    2) : to tell
    3) : to include
    contar vi
    1) : to count (up)
    2) : to matter, to be of concern
    eso no cuenta: that doesn't matter
    3)
    contar con : to rely on, to count on
    * * *
    contar vb
    1. (en general) to count
    2. (explicar) to tell [pt. & pp. told]
    3. (edad) to be

    Spanish-English dictionary > contar

  • 18 età

    f invar age
    all'età di at the age of
    limiti m pl d'età age limit
    avere la stessa età be the same age
    * * *
    età s.f.
    1 age: dalla più tenera età, from one's earliest years; differenza di età, disparity of age; due figli in tenera età, two very young (o small) children; una persona di mezza età, a middle-aged person; un uomo d'età, già in età, an elderly man; persona di una certa età, an elderly person; la verde età, youth; l'età critica, the difficult age; che età hai?, how old are you?; che età le daresti?, how old do you think she is?; non oso chiederle l'età!, I don't dare ask her how old she is; morì all'età di ottant'anni, he died at the age of eighty; non dimostri la tua età, you don't look your age; porta bene l'età che ha, she doesn't show her age; sono all'incirca della tua stessa età, I am about your age; aver la stessa età, to be the same age; ho l'età di tuo fratello, I am the same age as your brother; aver l'età della ragione, to have reached the age of discretion; essere in età da marito, to be old enough to marry; morire in età avanzata, to die at a ripe old age
    2 (dir.) age: età maggiore, maggiore età, legal age; quando raggiunse la maggiore età, when he came of age; era ancora in età minore, he was still under age
    3 ( periodo, epoca) age; period: a che età risale quella chiesa?, what period is that church?; età della pietra, del bronzo, del ferro, Stone, Bronze, Iron Age; l'età di mezzo, the Middle Ages; l'età dell'oro, the Golden Age // (geol.): età glaciale, ice age; età assoluta, absolute age; rapporto di età, age ratio.
    * * *
    [e'ta]
    sostantivo femminile invariabile
    1) age

    hanno la stessa età — they are the same age, they are of an age

    avere la stessa età di qcn. — to be as old as sb.

    all'età di 14 anni — at the age of 14, at 14 years of age

    maggiore, minore età — dir. majority, minority

    un uomo di una certa età, di mezza età — an elderly, a middle-aged man

    in età da marito — of marriageable age, nubile form.

    in tenera, giovane età — in (one's) infancy, at an early age

    non ha più l'età per andare in discoteca — she's grown out of going to discos; (maturità, vecchiaia)

    con l'età — with age, with the advance of old age

    2) (epoca) age, period, era

    età del bronzo, della pietra — Bronze, Stone Age

    •
    * * *
    età
    /e'ta/ ⇒ 8
    f.inv.
     1 age; ha la tua età he's your age; hanno la stessa età they are the same age, they are of an age; avere la stessa età di qcn. to be as old as sb.; all'età di 14 anni at the age of 14, at 14 years of age; dall'età di 12 anni from the time (that) o since I was 12; maggiore, minore età dir. majority, minority; raggiungere la maggiore età to come of age; un uomo di una certa età, di mezza età an elderly, a middle-aged man; in età da marito of marriageable age, nubile form.; in tenera, giovane età in (one's) infancy, at an early age; alla mia età at my time of life; non ha più l'età per andare in discoteca she's grown out of going to discos; (maturità, vecchiaia) con l'età with age, with the advance of old age
     2 (epoca) age, period, era; l'età Elisabettiana the Elizabethan Age; età del bronzo, della pietra Bronze, Stone Age
    età della ragione age of discretion.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > età

  • 19 Achtzig

    Zahlw. eighty; Anfang / Mitte / Ende achtzig sein be in one’s early / mid / late eighties; auf achtzig sein umg. be having a (blue) fit, be freaking out, Am. auch be having kittens; siehe auch acht1
    * * *
    eighty; fourscore
    * * *
    ạcht|zig ['axtsɪç]
    num
    eighty

    auf achtzig sein (inf) — to be livid, to be hopping mad (inf)

    da war er gleich auf achtzig (inf) — then he got livid

    See:
    → auch vierzig
    * * *
    die
    1) (the number or figure 80.) eighty
    2) (the age of 80.) eighty
    3) (having eighty: an eighty-page book.) eighty-
    4) (80 in number.) eighty
    * * *
    Acht·zig
    <->
    [ˈaxtsɪç]
    f eighty
    * * *
    Kardinalzahl, eighty

    mit achtzig [km/h] fahren — drive at or (coll.) do eighty [k.p.h.]

    über/etwa achtzig [Jahre alt] sein — be over/about eighty [years old]

    mit achtzig [Jahren] — at eighty [years of age]

    Mitte [der] achtzig sein — be in one's mid-eighties

    auf achtzig sein — (fig. ugs.) be hopping mad (coll.)

    * * *
    Achtzig f; -, -en, meist sg; Zahl: eighty; → auch Acht1 1, 2
    * * *
    Kardinalzahl, eighty

    mit achtzig [km/h] fahren — drive at or (coll.) do eighty [k.p.h.]

    über/etwa achtzig [Jahre alt] sein — be over/about eighty [years old]

    mit achtzig [Jahren] — at eighty [years of age]

    Mitte [der] achtzig sein — be in one's mid-eighties

    auf achtzig sein — (fig. ugs.) be hopping mad (coll.)

    * * *
    adj.
    eighty adj.
    fourscore adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Achtzig

  • 20 achtzig

    Zahlw. eighty; Anfang / Mitte / Ende achtzig sein be in one’s early / mid / late eighties; auf achtzig sein umg. be having a (blue) fit, be freaking out, Am. auch be having kittens; siehe auch acht1
    * * *
    eighty; fourscore
    * * *
    ạcht|zig ['axtsɪç]
    num
    eighty

    auf achtzig sein (inf) — to be livid, to be hopping mad (inf)

    da war er gleich auf achtzig (inf) — then he got livid

    See:
    → auch vierzig
    * * *
    die
    1) (the number or figure 80.) eighty
    2) (the age of 80.) eighty
    3) (having eighty: an eighty-page book.) eighty-
    4) (80 in number.) eighty
    * * *
    Acht·zig
    <->
    [ˈaxtsɪç]
    f eighty
    * * *
    Kardinalzahl, eighty

    mit achtzig [km/h] fahren — drive at or (coll.) do eighty [k.p.h.]

    über/etwa achtzig [Jahre alt] sein — be over/about eighty [years old]

    mit achtzig [Jahren] — at eighty [years of age]

    Mitte [der] achtzig sein — be in one's mid-eighties

    auf achtzig sein — (fig. ugs.) be hopping mad (coll.)

    * * *
    achtzig num eighty;
    Anfang/Mitte/Ende achtzig sein be in one’s early/mid/late eighties;
    auf achtzig sein umg be having a (blue) fit, be freaking out, US auch be having kittens; → auch acht1
    * * *
    Kardinalzahl, eighty

    mit achtzig [km/h] fahren — drive at or (coll.) do eighty [k.p.h.]

    über/etwa achtzig [Jahre alt] sein — be over/about eighty [years old]

    mit achtzig [Jahren] — at eighty [years of age]

    Mitte [der] achtzig sein — be in one's mid-eighties

    auf achtzig sein — (fig. ugs.) be hopping mad (coll.)

    * * *
    adj.
    eighty adj.
    fourscore adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > achtzig

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